Electroacupuncture at Acupoints Reverses Plasma Glutamate, Lipid, and LDL/VLDL in an Acute Migraine Rat Model: A¹H NMR-Based Metabolomic Study

Table 1

Changes of plasma metabolites in CPMG NMR spectra induced by NTG and the effects of EA.

Metabolites	Peak regions (𝛿)	NTG versus untreated control	NTG versus EA	NTG versus NA
Unknown	1.14, 1.18	↑	↓	—
Lactic acid	1.34, 4.1	↑	↓	↓
Glutamate	2.11, 2.35	↑	↓	↓
Glutamine	2.42	↑	↓	↓
Glycerine	3.62, 3.66	↑	↓	↑
OAc	2.14, 2.18	↓	↑	↑
LDL/VLDL	0.86	↓	↑	—
Glycine	3.54	↓	↑	—
NAc	2.02, 2.06	↓	↑	—
Betaine	3.26	↓	↑	—
Lipid	1.26, 1.3	↓	↑	↑
D-Glucose	3.42, 3.38,; 3.46, 3.5, 3.74,; 3.82, 3.86,	↓	↑	↓
Alanine	1.46	↑	↑	↓
L-Isoleucine	0.94	↓	↑	—
Choline	3.22	↓	↑	↓
Pyruvic acid	2.38	↓	↑	—
Acetoacetic acid	1.9, 1.94	↑	↓	—
3-HB	1.22	↑	↓	↑
Creatine	3.94	↓	↑	↑

NAc: N-acetyl glycoproteins; OAc: O-acetyl glycoproteins; 3-HB: 3-hydroxybutyric acid. The arrows indicate the direction of the change (↑: increase;  
↓: decrease) in the concentration among untreated control group of animals, EA group of animals, and NA group of animals relative to NTG group animals (𝑛=10).