Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Current Scenario and Future Prospects

Table 1

Various animal models for the study of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Category	Model	Mode of induction	Reference
Dietary	C57BL/6J mice	45–60% fat containing diet (HFD)	[19]
	Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats	20–40% fat containing diet, 60% fructose rich diet, methionine-choline deficient diet (MCD)	[20–22]
Genetic	ob/ob mice	Mutation prevents synthesis of leptin	[23]
	db/db mice	Mutation in leptin receptor	[24]
	fa/fa rats	Mutation in leptin receptor	[24]
	SREBP-1c transgenic mice	Overexpression of SREBP-1c in adipose tissue	[25]
	KK-A^y mice	Loss of melanocortin and an obese phenotype due to hyperphagia	[26]
	PTEN null mice	Mutation in PTEN  gene	[27]
	AOX null mice	Defective peroxisomal 𝛽-oxidation of light chain fatty acids	[28]
	MAT1A null mice	Decreased levels of antioxidants and genes involved in lipid oxidation	[29]
	Adiponectin null	Mutation prevents adiponectin receptor expression	[30]
	AFasKO mice	Mutation in adipose fatty acid synthase	[31]
	Sfrp5 knockout	Defective Wnt signaling pathway	[32]
Genetic + Dietary	ob/ob mice + MCD	Mutation prevents synthesis of leptin + MCD	[33]
	db/db mice + MCD	Mutation in leptin receptor + MCD	[34]
	ob/ob mice + MCD + HFD	Mutation prevents synthesis of leptin + high calorie + MCD	[33]
	fa/fa rats + HFD	Mutation in leptin receptor + high calorie	[35]
	JNK1^−/− + MCD	Mutation prevents c-Jun amino-terminal kinases expression + MCD	[36]
	NEMO^L-KO + HFD	Mutation in NF-𝜅B essential modulator genes + HFD	[37]
Dietary + physical stress	Male Wistar rats	Fat- and sugar-enriched diet and chronic stress	[38]
Feeding and Fasting cycles	Male Wistar rats	Fed on high carbohydrate-fat free diet 4 days per week and fasting for the remaining 3 days	[39]