|
| Genetic predisposition | Renal hemodynamic changes [37] |
| ACE genetic polymorphism [38] | Vasoactive hormones |
| MTH-FR genetic polymorphism [38] | Systemic and intraglomerular pressure |
| AGT genetic polymorphism [39] | Activation of RAAS |
| Apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphism [40] | Oxidative stress [41] |
| Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) |
| Aldose reductase (ALR2) genetic polymorphism [42] |
| Reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
| Genetic locus 10p15.3, 7q21.3, 18q22.3, 14q23.1 [43] | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) |
| Inflammatory reaction [44] |
| Abnormal glucose metabolism [45] | C-reactive protein (CRP) [46] |
| Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation | Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) |
| Interleukin-1 (IL-1) |
| Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP 1) |
| Hexosamine pathways increased | Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) |
| Polyol pathway flux increased | Cytokine |
| Protein kinase C (PKC) activation | Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) [47] |
| Renal lipid accumulation | Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF) [48] |
| Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) [49] | Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) [50] |
| Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) [51] | Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [52] |
|
