|
Microorganisms found in diabetic wounds and references | Microorganisms found to have sensitivity to honey | Honey origin and type with reference |
|
Gram-positive aerobes |
Staphylococcus species [14, 145–153], including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis | Staphylococcus aureus | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
New Zealand, Pasture and Manuka honey [60] |
United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155] |
Saudi Arabia, commercial honey [156] |
USA, commercial honey [157] |
MRSA ATCC 43300, MRSA 00791 and 28965 | Rio San Pedro Ltd. Chile, Ulmo 90 honey [158] |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | Australia, Medihoney [159] |
-Hemolytic streptococci [145, 146, 148, 151, 152], including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae | Streptococcus pyogenes | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155] |
Bacillus species [145] | Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis | India, raw local honey [160] |
Corynebacterium sp. [14] | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis | Egypt, various monofloral honeys [161] |
|
Gram-negative aerobes |
Escherichia coli [146–150] | Escherichia coli | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155] |
India, raw and processed local honey [160] |
Rio San Pedro Ltd. Chile, Ulmo 90 honey [158] |
Australia, Medihoney [159] |
Saudi Arabia, commercial honey [156] |
Proteus species [14, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153, 162] | Proteus mirabilis (indole positive) | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
Klebsiella species [146, 162] | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
Australia, Medihoney [159] |
Turkey; Anzer, Bayburt and Chest nut honey [163] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa [14, 148–150, 153, 162] | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Ethiopia, Raw honey [164] |
India, raw and processed local honey [160] |
Rio San Pedro Ltd. Chile, Ulmo 90 honey [158] |
India, local marketed honey [165] |
Australia, Medihoney [159] |
Saudi Arabia, commercial honey [156] |
|
Anaerobes |
Bacteroides species [14, 146–148, 153] | Bacteroides fragilis | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
Clostridium species [146, 147] | Clostridium welchii, Clostridium tetani | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
Peptostreptococcus species [146, 148] | Peptostreptococcus | Thailand, commercial honey [108] |
Enterococci [14, 147, 148] | Enterococcus faecalis | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
Australia, Medihoney [159] |
Prevotella species [148] | Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens | Brazil, propolis [166] |
Porphyromonas species [148] | Porphyromonas gingivalis | New Zealand, Manuka honey [167] |
|
Fungus |
Candida tropicalis [149, 150] | Candida tropicalis | Iran, local honey [168] |
Candida albicans [150] | Candida albicans | Nigeria, unprocessed raw honey [154] |
United Arab Emirates, Manuka honey [155] |
Iran, local honey [168] |
|