Effects of Moxa (Folium Artemisiae argyi) Smoke Exposure on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Human Study

Table 4

Test 2: percentage changes/changes in HR and HRV parameters.

	Experimental group	Control group	𝑃 value
HR^1,a
Before-during	−0.23±0.02^∗	−0.03±0.09	<0.001
Before-after	−0.06±0.04	−0.06±0.09	0.63
SDNN^1,b
Before-during	0.21 (0.32)	0.15 (0.41)	0.76
Before-after	0.16 (0.36)	0.28 (0.57)	0.56
RMSSD^1,b
Before-during	0.42 (0.29)*	0.19 (0.30)	<0.001
Before-after	0.12 (0.37)	0.24 (0.57)	0.47
PNN50^2,b
Before-during	9.78 (17.32)^△	5.02 (7.81)	0.02
Before-after	4.26 (13.59)	10.59 (17.26)	0.34
lnTP^1,b
Before-during	0.3 (0.09)*	0.05 (0.08)	<0.001
Before-after	0.04 (0.09)	0.09 (0.13)	0.18
lnHF^1,b
Before-during	0.29 (0.07)*	0.03 (0.09)	<0.001
Before-after	0.06 (0.1)	0.06 (0.19)	0.71
lnLF^1,b
Before-during	0.31 (0.21)*	0.07 (0.15)	<0.001
Before-after	0.10 (0.19)	0.15 (0.23)	0.15
LF/HF^2,b
Before-during	0.18 (0.34)	0.32 (0.84)	0.30
Before-after	0.13 (0.69)^△	0.44 (1.19)	0.005

Number 1 indicates percentage changes; number 2 indicates data changes. Values are expressed as ^amean ± standard deviation and ^bmedian (interquartile range). The symbols * and  ^△ indicate significant differences (𝑃 < 0.001 and 𝑃 < 0.05, resp.) between the groups using ^aindependent two-sample 𝑡-Test and ^bMann-Whitney 𝑈 Test.