Efficacy of Acupuncture for Primary Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the ITT population (Mean ± SD).

Variables	Verum group (𝑛=60)	Estazolam Group (𝑛=60)	Sham Group (𝑛=60)	𝑥^2; 𝐹 value	𝑃 value
Age, years	47.5±13.3	50.1±15.6	49.2±12.0	0.54	0.59
Sex, male/female	19/41	21/39	18/42	0.36	0.84
Education attainment, y	10.2±3.5	9.7±4.2	11.4±3.7	0.42	0.25
Insomnia duration, y	6.3±2.1	5.7±3.9	6.2±4.8	0.33	0.57
Married	40	39	42	0.45	0.98
Widowed	9	10	9
Single/separated/divorced	11	11	9
Chronic medical illness	7	4	9	2.14	0.34
ESS	8.4±2.7	8.2±2.1	8.9±2.2	1.26	0.29
PSQI total score	11.5±2.0	12.1±1.8	11.9±2.2	1.42	0.24
SQ	2.8±0.7	2.6±0.6	2.5±0.8	2.30	0.10
SOL (min)	55.5±10.9	59.0±13.1	56.0±13.1	1.39	0.25
TST (min)	285.0±54.5	273.0±62.7	263.0±59.1	2.10	0.12
SE (%)	70.2±10.8	73.5±8.9	71.6±10.6	1.57	0.21
Dyssomnia	1.4±0.7	1.5±0.9	1.5±0.8	0.33	0.72
DD	2.2±0.7	2.1±0.7	2.1±0.6	0.53	0.59

ITT: intention to treat. verum group: verum acupuncture + placebo; estazolam group: estazolam + sham acupuncture; sham group: sham acupuncture + placebo.
ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SQ: sleep quality; SOL: sleep-onset latency; TST: total sleep time; SE: sleep efficiency; DD: daytime dysfunction; results from 𝑥² or ANOVA test for categorical and quantitative variables, respectively.