“Auriculovagal afferent pathway” (AVAP): both the autonomic and the central nervous system could be modified by auricular vagal stimulation via projections from the ABVN at the auricular concha to the NTS (see Figure 3). NTS: nucleus of the solitary tract; DMN: dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; AP: area postrema; RVM: rostral ventrolateral medulla; LC: locus coeruleus.
