Herb-Drug Interaction of Paullinia cupana (Guarana) Seed Extract on the Pharmacokinetics of Amiodarone in Rats

Table 1

Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by noncompartmental analysis of the plasma concentration-time profiles of amiodarone (AM) and mono-N-desethylamiodarone (MDEA, major metabolite of AM) obtained in rats after the simultaneous coadministration in single dose of Paullinia cupana extract (821 mg/kg, p.o.), or vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose aqueous solution), with AM (50 mg/kg, p.o.) by oral gavage (𝑛=6, unless otherwise noted).

Parameter	AMPaullinia		AMVehicle
	AM	MDEA	AM	MDEA
𝑡max (h)	3.67 ± 1.17	NA	1.83 ± 0.48	7.20 ± 1.36^a
𝐶max (𝜇g/mL)	0.370 ± 0.043*	NA	1.378 ± 0.179	0.125 ± 0.012^a
AUC0–t (𝜇g·h/mL)	5.387 ± 0.619*	ND	12.774 ± 0.688	ND
AUC0–∞ (𝜇g·h/mL)	12.050 ± 2.118^#	ND	21.431 ± 2.077	ND
𝑘el (h^−1)	0.0310 ± 0.0044	ND	0.0433 ± 0.0082	ND
𝑡1/2el (h)	24.18 ± 2.75	ND	20.73 ± 5.74	ND
MRT (h)	36.87 ± 4.28	ND	28.64 ± 7.74	ND

NA: not available.
ND: not determined.
^a𝑛 = 5.
* 𝑃<0.001, significantly different from the control group.
^#𝑃<0.05, significantly different from the control group.