The construct of <i>entrapment</i> is used in evolutionary theory to explain the etiology of depression. The perception of entrapment can emerge when defeated individuals want to escape but are incapable. Studies have shown relationships of entrapment to depression, and suicidal tendencies. The aim of this study was a psychometric evaluation and validation of the Entrapment Scale in German (ES-D). 540 normal subjects completed the ES-D along with other measures of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and distress. Good reliability and validity of the ES-D was demonstrated. Further, whereas entrapment originally has been regarded as a two-dimensional construct, our analyses supported a single-factor model. Entrapment explained variance in depressive symptoms beyond that explained by stress and hopelessness supporting the relevance of the construct for depression research. These findings are discussed with regard to their theoretical implications as well as to the future use of the entrapment scale in clinical research and practice.

Manuel Trachsel

Tobias Krieger

Paul Gilbert

Martin Grosse Holtforth

Testing a German Adaption of the Entrapment Scale and Assessing the Relation to Depression

<i  >Purpose</i>. The present surveillance study examined predictors of the management of maternal depression in primary care settings. <i  >Methods</i>. A total of 217 physicians completed a 60-item survey assessing demographics, physicians&#x27; attitudes, beliefs, efficacy, current practices, and perceived barriers regarding the management of maternal depression. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate a model that examined the relationships among physicians&#x27; knowledge, beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived barriers, past training toward and current management practices for maternal depression. <i  >Results</i>. In a model predicting physician depression management practices, a good overall fit was observed (<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.7947pt;width:80.449997px;" id="M1" height="20.5625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 80.449997 20.5625" width="80.449997"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>), with physician comfort with, confidence in, and perceived responsibility for managing maternal depression all having prominent positive associations. <i  >Conclusions</i>. These findings will guide the development of future multifaceted intervention strategies to enhance physician skills in managing maternal depression in primary care settings.

Jenn A. Leiferman

Sarah E. Dauber

Katie Scott

Kurt Heisler

James F. Paulson

Predictors of Maternal Depression Management among Primary Care Physicians

Some recent explanations of depression have suggested that it may be &#8220;evolutionary&#8221; in that there are advantages to the depressed individual which arise from some aspects of depressive symptomatology. While the depressive behaviour of withdrawal from the adverse environment may provide some immediate benefits to the depressed individual, thus making it potentially &#8220;adaptive&#8221; in the short-term,  this does not fit the biological definition of &#8220;evolutionary&#8221;. In fact, depression does not meet two of the three required criteria from natural selection in order to be evolutionary. Therefore, while some depressive behaviour may be advantageous for the depressed individual, and is therefore &#8220;adaptive&#8221; in an immediate sense, it cannot be accurately described as &#8220;evolutionary&#8221;. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Christopher F. Sharpley

Vicki Bitsika

Is Depression &#8220;Evolutionary&#8221; or Just &#8220;Adaptive&#8221;? A Comment

In this study we assessed differences in new and repeat prescriptions of psycho-tropics between patients receiving prescriptions for drugs to treat a common chronic disease and people without such prescriptions. The study used the databases of two Dutch health insurance companies (3 million people). We selected all Dutch men and women aged 45 and older who were registered for six consecutive years (1999–2004). Our analyses both found a consistent relation between psycho-tropics on the one hand and physical illness on the other. People with multi-morbidity were prescribed these drugs most often, especially men and those younger than 65. Epidemiological studies showed a prevalence of depression among people with multi-morbidity to be twice as high as among people without such conditions. According to recent guidelines non-drug treatment may be the first therapy option for patients with non severe depression. If prescribed for a long time, benzodiazepine prescriptions are especially known to be addictive. Our data raise the question to what extent patients with a chronic physical disease suffering from co-occurring mental problems are prescribed psycho-tropics in accord with the guidelines that also advise mental support in case of non severe mental problems. Further research can answer this important question.

Jacques Th. M. van Eijk

Hans Bosma

Catharina C. M. Jonkers

Femke Lamers

Paul E. M. Muijrers

Prescribing Antidepressants and Benzodiazepines in the Netherlands: Is Chronic Physical Illness Involved?

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<p><em>Depression Research and Treatment </em>publishes original research articles and review articles related to all aspects of depression</p>


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Depression Research and Treatment publishes original research articles and review articles related to all aspects of depression

Depression Research and Treatment