Research Article
Factors Associated with Postnatal Depression among Mothers Attending at Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan
Table 2
Factors associated with postnatal depression (
).
| Characteristics | Postnatal depression | Unadjusted | Adjusted | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Participant’s characteristics | | | Current age | | | <25 years | Ref. | Ref. | ≥25 years | 2.17 (1.10–4.27) | 2.56 (1.06-6.18) | Ethnicity | | | Privileged | Ref. | Ref. | Underprivileged | 0.80 (0.40–1.60) | 0.77 (0.29–2.02) | Educational status | | | >Secondary education | Ref. | Ref. | ≤Secondary education | 1.10 (0.55–2.20) | 0.95 (0.37–2.45) | Occupation | | | Housewife | Ref. | Ref. | Working outside house | 1.39 (0.64–2.99) | 1.29 (0.53–3.11) | Smoking | | | No | Ref. | Ref. | Yes | 4.51 (1.31–15.58) | 5.02 (1.17–21.51) | Family-related characteristics | | | Family type | | | Joint/extended | Ref. | Ref. | Nuclear | 1.76 (0.84–3.69) | 1.72 (0.72–4.13) | Economic status | | | Rich | Ref. | Ref. | Middle class/poor | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) | 0.78 (0.33–1.87) | Family support | | | Yes | Ref. | Ref. | No | 2.61 (0.75–9.11) | 3.31 (0.77–14.23) | Pressure to conceive a child | | | No | Ref. | Ref. | Yes | 2.86 (1.18–6.92) | 2.43 (0.87–6.79) | Obstetrics-related characteristics | | | ANC service utilization | | | ≥4 visits | Ref. | Ref. | 0 or<4 visits | 1.45 (0.58–3.62) | 1.22 (0.43–3.48) | Intent of pregnancy | | | Intended | Ref. | Ref. | Unintended | 2.40 (1.16–4.95) | 2.62 (1.10–6.25) | Pregnancy-related complications | | | No | Ref. | Ref. | Yes | 2.18 (0.98–4.82) | 1.59 (0.62–4.09) | Parity | | | Prim parity | Ref. | Ref. | Multiparty | 1.08 (0.54–2.14) | 0.82 (0.31–2.14) | Delivery-related complications | | | No | Ref. | Ref. | Yes | 2.19 (1.11–4.33) | 2.43 (1.10–5.36) | Mode of feeding | | | Exclusive feeding | Ref. | Ref. | Mixed/formula | 0.77 (0.39–1.51) | 0.60 (0.28–1.30) |
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. All other statistics are not significant at ; model adjusted for all covariates. |