Depression Research and Treatment

Research Article

The Connections of Pregnancy-, Delivery-, and Infant-Related Risk Factors and Negative Life Events on Postpartum Depression and Their Role in First and Recurrent Depression

Table 3

Age-adjusted risk for having postpartum depression according to multivariate logistic regressions in relation to the course of depression.


	Depressed () versus nondepressed mothers ()			Mothers with first lifetime depression () versus never-depressed controls ()			Mothers with recurrent depression () versus never-depressed controls ()
	OR¹	95% CI²	value	OR¹	95% CI²	value	OR¹	95% CI²	value

Pregnancy and delivery issues ()	2.31	1.59–3.35	<0.001	2.87	1.33–6.17	0.007	2.88	1.81–4.59	<0.001
Issues relating infant and breastfeeding cessation ()	1.86	1.11–3.09	0.018	2.27	0.96–5.35	0.062	2.17	1.14–4.13	0.019
Negative life events (no versus yes)	2.16	1.12–4.16	0.021	1.00	0.28–3.58	1.000	2.51	1.15–5.50	0.021

OR = odds ratio. ²95% CI = 95% confidence interval. ³Unwanted pregnancy, depression and/or other mental symptoms during pregnancy, complicated pregnancy, and complicated delivery. ⁴Infant’s symptoms and illnesses and breastfeeding cessation.