In recent years, the area of fractional calculus has been the subject of numerous investigations by researchers from the mathematics, physics, and engineering communities. By way of example, not exhaustive enumeration; this topic covers: computational biology, dynamics; non-equilibrium processes in physics, complex matter and networks, fractal geometry, fluid dynamics, fluctuations and random processes, etc.

The widespread interest in this area of research arises mainly from its applications to many real-life models. Therefore, the literature reveals a considerable amount of work on the field of fractional calculus and its applications. Besides, the discrete fractional calculus has attracted many researchers in different fields of science and engineering and has been theoretically developed quickly over the last two decades.

The aim of this Special Issue is to report the recent theoretical and numerical studies on fractional differential and difference equations and their life-life applications. Both original research articles, and review articles discussing the current state of the art, are welcomed.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Fractional differential equations
• Fractional difference and q-difference equations
• Fractional difference and q-fractional difference variational calculus
• Oscillation criteria for fractional and fractional difference dynamical systems
• Differential and variational inclusions
• Fractional integro-differential equations
• System of integro-differential equations
• System of fractional integro-differential equations
• Modelling real-life problems with nonlinear fractional differential and difference equations