Edge Colouring of Neutrosophic Graphs and Its Application in Detection of Phishing Website

Mahapatra, Rupkumar; Samanta, Sovan; Pal, Madhumangal

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1149724

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

On this page

Abstract Introduction Preliminaries Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Fuzzy Graph Theory and Influential Nodes and Links in Complex Networks

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 1149724 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1149724

Edge Colouring of Neutrosophic Graphs and Its Application in Detection of Phishing Website

Rupkumar Mahapatra,¹Sovan Samanta,²and Madhumangal Pal¹

Academic Editor: Anibal Coronel

Received27 Jan 2022

Revised05 May 2022

Accepted18 May 2022

Published08 Jul 2022

Abstract

Graph colouring enjoys many practical as well as theoretical uses. Graph colouring is still a very active subject of research. This article introduces a new concept of the chromatic number of the neutrosophic graph (NG). There is a discussion of the difference between the fuzzy colouring of the fuzzy graph (FG) and the NG. Finally, a real-life application for detecting phishing websites has been demonstrated by NG colouring.

1. Introduction

The graph is one of the greatest ways to portray relationships between objects. The objects depict the vertices and the relationship between objects are considered as edges. The edges within FGs measure the degree via membership value (MV) within [0,1]. The FGs were presented in 1973 by Kaufmann [1], and it was developed in 1975 by Rosenfeld [2]. Samanta and Pal [3, 4] introduced many types of FGs and provided many applications of FG. Mahapatra et al. [5–9] presented many applications of the FG. Pal et al. Reference [10] have discussed about the modern trends in fuzzy graphs and their application.

The concept of a neutrosophic set was generalized as an intuitionistic set by Smarandache [11]. The neutrosophic set is characterized by the fact that true-membership value (TMV), indeterminacy-membership value (IMV), and falsity-membership value (FMV) are automatically independent of each other in a range of . Some studies attempted to build a three-way fuzzy concept lattice using the neutrosophic set for the characterization of uncertainty based on its acceptation, rejection, and uncertain components, independently [12]. The fourth dimension data representation is defined as Turiyam set [13, 14]. There are four possible in the Turiyam Set: Truth membership value (T), Indeterminacy membership value (I), Falsity membership value (F), and Liberalization membership value (L). The dimensions of all of these quantities are independent and . The idea of NG was introduced in 2016 by Broumi et al. [15] and it is also used in MATLAB code for energy and spectrum analysis [16, 17]. Akram and Shahzadi [18] defined a new definition of NG by the concept of neutrosophic set.

Graph colouring is one of the oldest research areas. Many problems like map colouring, traffic light problems etc., can be solved by graph colouring. Casselgren and Petrosyan [19] introduced edge colouring of a graph by the concept of the improper interval in 2021. The complexity of counting problems in edge-colouring in a graph has been solved by Cai and Govorov [20]. Umamaheswari and Mithra [21] has introduced the fractional chromatic number on edge-colouring of graph theory. Samanta et al. [22] introduced fuzzy colouring in FGs. Munoz et al. [23] introduced the colouring of an FG in 2005. Mahapatra et al. [24, 25] introduced the edge colouring of an FG and radio k colouring in FGs. For more details readers can read the articles [26–32].

Nowadays, searching for a suitable journal is difficult for a researcher. Many researchers targeted some lesser-known journals and had their papers published in them. So, searching for a suitable, reputed journal for an article is a critical task. Also, some of the journals are fake. They have used the exact name of a reputed journal. Therefore it is difficult to find a suitable journal that is not a forgery. By colouring an NG, we represent a website, which can easily indicate a suitable journal and the chance of a website being phishing.

1.1. Significance of the Work

Some of the important significances of this study are listed below:(i)In this article, we shall introduce a new concept of graph colouring with different merits.(ii)Sometimes, data is displayed with falsity and indeterminacy. Sometimes, data is not available, or it contradicts the facts. So, data may contain three values: true value, falsity, and indeterminacy. All three values—true value, falsity, and indeterminacy—are considered in NGs. In this article, we represent a website, which can easily indicate a suitable journal and the chance of a website being phishing.(iii)A small network has been considered here to verify the proposed method.(iv)Some essential properties of the edge colour have been demonstrated in the NG.

1.2. Framework of the Paper

This paper is organized in the following manner: In Section 2: Some important definitions of the NG are provided. In Section 3: The definition of the strength score of an edge of an NG is provided. In Section 4: The procedure of edge-colouring of a NG is provided. In Subsection 4.1: An algorithm for edge-colouring of an NG is provided. Also, this definition has been described in detail with examples. Some important theorems about the edge-colouring of NGs are also given. In Section 4: An application of the suitable journal and chance of a Phishing Website in a neutrosophic graph with detailed analysis is provided. In Section 5: The entire conclusion is given.

Authors contributions.

The author’s contributions to graph colouring and FG colouring have been shown in Table 1.

List of abbreviations.

All the abbreviations are shown in Table 2.

Basic notations.

All the basic notations are shown in Table 3.

2. Preliminaries

Akram and Sitara [41] defined NG as follows.

Definition 1. A NG is a non-empty set together with a pair of functions and such that for all where, represent the TMV, IMV and FMV of the edge in , respectively. represent the TMV, IMV and FMV of the vertex in , respectively.

Strength of an edge was introduced by Akram [42].

Definition 2. be a NG then the strength of an edge is denoted by and defined aswhere, represent the TMV, IMV and FMV of the edge in , respectively. represent the TMV, IMV and FMV of the vertex in , respectively.

Samanta et al. [22] introduced the fuzzy colour as follows.

Definition 3. is a set of basic colours. Then fuzzy set is called the set of fuzzy colours where and fuzzy colour is denoted by , where is the basic colour and is the membership value of the basic colour .

3. Strength Score of an Edge of NG

There is some limitation in the Definition 1. If or or then the strength values can not be calculated. Throughout this study, we assume that if then ; if then ; if then.

First, we introduced the strength score of an edge of an NG. Table 4.

Definition 4. Let, be a NG and the strength of an edge is then the strength score an edge is denoted by and defined by .

Let, be a NG then an edge is said to Table 5be strong if the strength score is grater than or equal to 0.5 ie, edge is said to strong if otherwise Table 6this edge is weak.

Example 1. In Figure 1, a NG has been considered. TMV, IMV and FMV of all vertices are considered as in Table 4 and TMV, IMV and FMV of all edges are considered as in Table 5. Now, strength score of all edges of the NG of Figure 1 has been shown in Table 6. Here, the edges , , , are strong and other all edges of this NG are weak.

Theorem 1. Let, be a NG and be the strength score of an edge then .

Proof. be a NG and the strength of an edge is . So, the value of the strength . Also, the strength score of an sedge is . If the value of strength is then the value of is 0 and the value of is 1 when the value of strength is . So, the value of strength score of an edge is .

Theorem 2. Let, be a complete NG then the value of strength of an edge is and the strength score of the edge is .

Proof. be a complete NG then the edge membership value of the edge isThen the strength of the edge isSo, the value of strength of an edge is and the strength score of the edge is .

Note 1. Let, be a complete NG then all edges are weak. The strength score of all edge are . So, all edges of the graph are weak.

4. Edge Colouring of NG

In neutrosophic edge colouring, if two edges are adjacent, the vertices have fuzzy colours with different basic colours. Otherwise, their fuzzy colours may be the same as the same basic colour. Here, we used fuzzy colours to colour the NG.

Let be neutrosophic connected graph and be a set of basic colours. Suppose, any edge gets a fuzzy colour , where is the basic colour of the edge and is the depth of the basic colour . Also, the depth of the colour is equal to the strength score of the edge i.e. .

4.1. Algorithm to Colour the Edges of an FG

Input: A NG , . Output: Complete edge coloured NG. Step 1: Calculate the strength score of all edges. Also, vertices are to be labelled as . Step 2: First of all, the vertex “1” is focused on colouring all its incident edges in such a way that no two incident edges are of the same colours. Here, the depths of the colours are equal to the strength scores of the corresponding edges. Step 3: Proceed to direct neighbours of “1” except the previous one, which is already focused, and label them if there are m such neighbours. Start with the vertex 11 and repeat Step 2 and so on for . Step 4: Repeat Step 3 until all edges of the graph have been coloured.

4.2. Chromatic Number of NGs

The minimum number of basic colours needed to colour an NG is called a chromatic number of an NG. The chromatic number of an NG is denoted by . Suppose minimum number of basic colours are used to colour an NG, then the chromatic number .

4.3. Strong Chromatic Number of NGs

The strong chromatic number will be an improved concept of the chromatic number. Let be an NG. Then, the strong chromatic number is the minimum number of basic colours used to colour an NG, whose maximum depth is greater than or equal to 0.5. These colours are called strong colours. The strong chromatic number is denoted by .

Example 2. In Figure 1, considered a NG. TMV, IMV and FMV of all vertices are considered as in Table 4 and TMV, IMV and FMV of all edges are considered as in Table 5. Now, the strength score of all edges of the NG of Figure 1 has been shown in Table 6. Here, 4 basic colours Red, Green, Blue, Yellow are used to colour this NG of Figure 1. Also, the edge-colouring NG with colour depth has been shown in Figure 2 and the edge-colouring NG has been shown in Figure 3. Here, four basic colours are used, so the chromatic number is . Also, each basic colour’s maximum depth is greater than 0.5. So, the strong chromatic number of this NG is .

Theorem 3. Let, be a complete NG then the chromatic number of is and strong chromatic number is .

Proof. be a complete NG. So, the degree of all vertices are same and the degree of all vertices a are . Therefore, the minimum number of basic colours needed to coloured this complete NG is . So, . Since, be a complete NG so, all edges are weak and the strength score of all edge are . So, the depth all basic colours are . So, the strong chromatic number is zero i.e. .

Theorem 4. Let, be a line NG and then the chromatic number is .

Proof. be a line neutrosophic graph. So, the maximum degree of any vertex is 2. Therefore, the minimum number of basic colours needed to coloured this line NG is 2. So, . Therefore, the chromatic number of a line NG is .

Theorem 5. Let, be a star NG then the chromatic number is .

Proof. be a star NG. So, degree of the centre vertex is . Therefore, the minimum number of basic colours needed to coloured this line NG is . So, . Therefore, the chromatic number of a star NG is .

5. Application in Detection of Phishing Website

Different types of problems can be solved by graph colouring. One of them is the application to indent the phishing website. Nowadays, searching for a suitable journal is a difficult task for a researcher. Many re-searchers targeted some non-reputed journals and published their papers in these non-reputed journals. So, searching for a suitable, reputed journal for an article is a very important task. Also, some of the journals are fake. They have used the same name as a reputed journal. As a result, finding a suitable journal that is not a forgery is extremely difficult. Through the colouration of an NG, we represent a website, which can easily indicate a suitable journal and the chance of a phishing website.

Suppose a neutral website can be designed for searching for a suitable journal for an article. Every journal information has been updated there, and every researcher can register on this website with their own information. Now, every piece of information contains some falsity, and some information is not identified. So, this type of website can be designed by the NG.

Let us assume a small website where number of researchers are registered for searching a journal, and number of the journals are registered. The researcher and journal are considered a vertex of a network, and an edge exists if they have precise matching. So, we get a network in Figure 4.

Now the membership values of corresponding vertices of the journal website may depend on the following issues.(1)Date of initiating the journal website(2)Number of visitors of this website(3)The link of this website is the same as the indexing providing the link(4)Subject(5)Subject classification(6)Abstracting and indexing(7)Etc

And the membership values of vertices to the corresponding researcher depend on the following parameters.(1)Subject(2)Subject classification(3)Require quality of journal etc.(4)Number of publications(5)Quality of publication(6)Etc

Now, the TMV, IMV, FMV of every vertex are calculated from the number of true parameters, number of indeterminacy parameters, and number of falsity parameters. The membership value of each edge depends on the matching between several true parameters, the number of indeterminacy parameters, number of falsity parameters.

Suppose, in particular, 10 journals and 3 researchers are registered, and this network has been shown in Figure 5. When a researcher logs in this website, then the researcher gets a subgraph of Figure 5. In Figure 6, an NG is considered, and this is the subgraph of Figure 5. Also, TMV, IMV and FMV of all vertices are considered as in Table 7 and TMV, IMV and FMV of all edges are considered as in Table 8. Now, the strength score of all edges of the NG of Figure 2 has been shown in Table 9. Here, 4 basic colours Red, Green, Blue, Yellow are used to colour this NG of Figure 2. Also, the edge-colouring NG with colour depth has been shown in Figure 7 and the edge-colouring NG has been shown in Figure 8. Here, 4 basic colours are used, so the chromatic number is . So, the strong chromatic number of this NG is .

Now, the chromatic number indicates the number of journals matched with this researcher, and the strong chromatic number indicates the number of highly matched journals. Also, the depth of the colour or strength score indicates how much matches between a journal and this researcher. Here, the strength score of the journal is 0.33, which is very low compared to other journals. So, the website where the journal was published may be phishing.

Now, the chromatic number indicates the number of journals is matching this researcher and strong chromatic number indicates number of journals are highly matching with this researcher. Also, the depth of the colour or strength score indicates how much matches between a journal and this researcher. Here, the strength score of the journal is 0.39, which is very low compared to other journals. So, the journal may be a phishing website of a journal.

6. Conclusion

In this study, a concept of edge-colouring has been introduced. A related term, “chromatic number”, is also defined in a different way. A new concept of neutrosophic graph colouring was developed in this study. The addition of a chromatic number of neutrosophic graphs was defined, and some theorems have been demonstrated. To measure the strength of an edge, the strength score has been introduced, and related properties are examined. A small application has been shown to identify phishing websites. Here, we have assumed the impact factor, indexing and citations to check the quality of a journal. But there may exist some journals which are good but not indexed. There are some other parameters to be included. In the near future, more parameters with uncertainty may be included to identify the phishing website using the extended model of neutrosophic fuzzy graphs.

Data Availability

There are no data associated with this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

A. Kauffman, Introduction a la Theorie des Sous-emsembles Flous, Masson et Cie Editeurs, Paris, 1973.
A. Rosenfeld, “Fuzzy graphs,” Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications, Academic Press, New York, pp. 77–95, 1975.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Samanta and M. Pal, “Fuzzy threshold graphs,” CIIT International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 360–364, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Samanta and M. Pal, “Irregular bipolar FGs,” Inernational Journal of Applications of Fuzzy Sets, vol. 2, pp. 91–102, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, and M. Pal, “Generalized neutrosophic planar graphs and its application,” J. Appl. Math. Comput., vol. 65, no. 1-2, pp. 693–712, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, M. Pal, and Q. xin, “RSM index: a new way of link prediction in social networks,” Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 2137–2151, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, M. Pal, and Q. Xin, “Link prediction in social networks by neutrosophic graph,” International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1699–1713, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, M. Pal et al., “Colouring of COVID-19 affected region based on fuzzy directed graphs,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1219–1233, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, R. Bhadoria, M. Pal, T. Allahviranloo, and B. Pandey, “A graph networks based quality control model for packaged food smart traceability and communication,” European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2830–2848, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Pal, S. Samanta, and G. Ghorai, Modern Trends in Fuzzy Graph Theory, Springer, Singapore, pp. 7–93, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site
F. Smaradache, Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and Logic, Pro Quest Information and Learning, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 105 pages, 1998.
P. K. Singh, “Single-valued neutrosophic context analysis at distinct multi-granulation,” Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 38, no. 2, 80 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. K. Singh, “Turiyam set a fourth dimension data representation,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, vol. 09, no. 07, pp. 1821–1828, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. K. Singh, “Data with Turiyam set for fourth dimension quantum information processing,” Journal of Neutrosophic and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 09–23, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Broumi, M. Talea, A. Bakali, and F. Smarandache, “Single valued neutrosophic graphs,” Journal of New Theory, vol. 10, pp. 86–101, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Broumi, M. Talea, A. Bakali, P. K. Singh, and F. Smarandache, “Energy and spectrum analysis of interval-valued neutrosophic graph using MATLAB,” Neutrosophic Set and Systems, vol. 24, pp. 46–60, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. K. Singh, “Three-way fuzzy concept lattice representation using neutrosophic set,” International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 69–79, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Akram and G. Shahzadi, “Operation on single-valued NGs,” Journal of Uncertain Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–26, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
C. J. Casselgren and P. A. Petrosyan, “Improper interval edge colorings of graphs,” Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol. 305, pp. 164–178, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-Y. Cai and A. Govorov, “The complexity of counting edge colorings for simple graphs,” Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 889, pp. 14–24, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Umamaheswari and R. Mithra, “The study of edge coloring and chromatic graph theory and its applications,” Materials Today Proceedings, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Samanta, T. Pramanik, and M. Pal, “Fuzzy colouring of fuzzy graphs,” Afrika Matematika, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 37–50, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Munoz, M. Teresaortuno, J. Ramirez, and J. Yanez, “Coloring fuzzy graphs,” Omega, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 211–221, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, T. Allahviranloo, and M. Pal, “Radio fuzzy graphs and assignment of frequency in radio stations,” Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 38, no. 3, 117 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Mahapatra, S. Samanta, and M. Pal, “Applications of edge colouring of fuzzy graphs,” Informatica, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 313–330, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Smarandache, “Neutrosophic set-a generalization of the intuitionistic fuzzy set, Granular Computing,” in Proceedings of the 2006, IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, pp. 38–42, Atlanta, GA, USA, May 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Samanta and B. Sarkar, “A study on generalized fuzzy graphs,” Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 3405–3412, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Samanta and M. Pal, “Fuzzy planar graphs,” IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1936–1942, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Broumi, A. Bakali, M. Talea, F. Smarandache, and A. Hassan, “Procedings of the Annual Symposium of the Institution of Solid Mechanics and Session of the Commission of Acoustics,” in Proceedings of the SISOM, Romania, May 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Akram and A. Luqman, “A new decision-making method based on bipolar neutrosophic directed hypergraphs,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, vol. 57, no. 1-2, pp. 547–575, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Naz, M. Akram, and F. Smarandache, “Certain notions of energy in single-valued neutrosophic graphs,” Axioms, vol. 7, no. 3, 50 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Akram, Single-Valued Neutrosophic Graphs, Infosys Science Foundation Series in Mathematical Sciences, Springer, NewYork, USA, 2018.
W. Meyer, “Equitable coloring,” The American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 80, no. 8, pp. 920–922, 1973.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. T. Leighton, “A graph coloring algorithm for large scheduling problems,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 489–506, 1979.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Malafiejski, “Sum coloring of graphs,” Contemporary Mathematics, American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, vol. 352, pp. 55–66, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Furmańczyk, “Equitable coloring of graph products,” Opuscula Math, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 31–44, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Malaguti and P. Toth, “A survey on vertex coloring problems,” International Transactions in Operational Research, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–34, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Galinier, J.-P. Hamiez, J.-K. Hao, and D. PorumbelI. Zelinka, V. Snášel, and A. Abraham, “Recent advances in graph vertex coloring,” Handbook of Optimization, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, vol. 38, pp. 505–528, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Lewis, A Guide to Graph Colouring: Algorithms and Applications, Springer, NewYork, USA, 2015.
Y. Zhou, B. Duval, and J.-K. Hao, “Improving probability learning based local search for graph coloring,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 65, pp. 542–553, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Akram and M. Sitara, “Novel applications of single-valued neutrosophic graph structures in decision-making,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, vol. 56, no. 1-2, pp. 501–532, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Akram, “Single-Valued Neutrosophic planer graph,” International Journal of Algebra and Statistics, vol. 5, pp. 157–167, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Rupkumar Mahapatra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

662

Downloads

458

Citations