Profile of Endothelin-1, Nitric Oxide, and Prostacyclin Levels in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Related to Uncorrected Atrial Septal Defect: Results from a Single Center Study in Indonesia
Table 2
Clinical, echocardiography, and hemodynamics characteristics of the subjects based on PAH Severity.
The characteristics
Mild PAH n = 13
Moderate PAH n = 22
Severe PAH n = 9
value
Clinical and laboratory data
Age (years), mean ± SD
48.3 ± 10.9
38.2 ± 13.1
30.1 ± 9.4
0.030
Sex, n (%)
0.467
Male (%)
2 (15.4)
2 (9.1)
0 (0)
Female (%)
11 (84.6)
20 (90.9)
9 (100)
SBP (mmHg), median (IQR)
115.1 ± 14.2
105.1 ± 15.4
97.0 ± 7.4
0.014
DBP (mmHg), median (IQR)
74.1 ± 9.8
73.2 ± 13.2
68.3 ± 9.7
0.488
O2 saturation (%), median (IQR)
97.6 ± 1.7
93.5 ± 3.6
93.0 ± 4.4
0.002
W.H.O functional class, n (%)
0.005
I
5 (38.5)
2 (9.1)
0 (0)
II
8 (61.5)
20 (90.9)
7 (77.8)
III
0 (0)
0 (0)
2 (22.2)
Haemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD
13.5 ± 1.3
13.4 ± 2.1
15.5 ± 2.4
0.029
Hematocrit (%), mean ± SD
40.8 ± 3.6
40.4 ± 6.7
46.3 ± 7.5
0.053
Creatinine (g/dL), mean ± SD
0.8 ± 0.3
0.8 ± 0.2
0.8 ± 0.1
0.917
Endothelin-1 (pg/dL), mean ± SD
587.52 ± 388.93
613.57 ± 297.38
948.09 ± 563.13
0.071
Prostacyclin (pg/dL), median (IQR)
319.78 (236.20–319.82)
453.76 (383.01-1572-44)
166.10 (85.14-900-31)
0.128
Nitric oxide (µmol/L), mean ± SD
286.18 ± 88.42
349.12 ± 65.86
324.51 ± 71.92
0.064
Echocardiography data
Minimum ASD diameter (cm), mean ± SD
2.4 ± 0.5
2.5 ± 0.6
2.6 ± 0.7
0.761
Maximum ASD diameter (cm), mean ± SD
2.5 ± 0.9
2.6 ± 1.0
2.8 ± 0.7
0.620
Right atrial dimension (cm), mean ± SD
4.8 ± 0.5
4.9 ± 0.8
4.3 ± 0.4
0.065
Right ventricle dimension (cm), mean ± SD
4.5 ± 0.3
4.8 ± 0.6
4.8 ± 0.5
0.263
Ejection fraction (%), mean ± SD
68 ± 11
71 ± 9
74 ± 11
0.398
TAPSE (cm), mean ± SD
2.6 ± 0.6
2.4 ± 0.5
2.3 ± 0.5
0.375
TVRG (mmHg), mean ± SD
50.5 ± 16.7
82.6 ± 19.9
106.2 ± 27.1
<0.001
RVSP (mmHg), mean ± SD
58.0 ± 16.4
90.1 ± 19.2
113.3 ± 27.1
<0.001
Left atrial dimension (cm), mean ± SD
3.9 ± 0.8
3.3 ± 0.6
3.0 ± 0.6
0.009
LVIDd (mm), mean ± SD
3.9 ± 0.8
3.5 ± 0.5
3.2 ± 0.4
0.020
Tricuspid valve regurgitation, n (%)
0.065
Mild
2 (15.4)
1 (4.5)
0 (0)
Moderate
10 (76.9)
9 (40.9)
5 (55.6)
Severe
1 (7.7)
12 (54.5)
4 (44.4)
Shunt direction, n (%)
0.021
Left to right
12 (92.3)
10 (45.5)
5 (55.6)
Bidirectional
1 (7.7)
12 (54.5)
4 (44.4)
Hemodynamics RHC data
Mean pressure (mmHg)
Aorta, mean ± SD
114.4 ± 22.5
100.9 ± 14.9
95.1 ± 12.3
0.028
RV systolic, mean ± SD
56.8 ± 11.3
89.9 ± 14.4
111.8 ± 22.8
<0.001
Pulmonary artery, mean ± SD
33.6 ± 4.6
51.6 ± 6.0
73.9 ± 9.0
<0.001
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure (mmHg)
11.6 ± 6.5
7.7 ± 4.7
10.8 ± 5.4
0.094
O2 saturation (%)
Aorta, mean ± SD
93.3 ± 1.5
87.5 ± 6.1
85.2 ± 7.4
0.004
Mixed vein, mean ± SD
61.2 ± 19.3
55.5 ± 13.5
58.4 ± 4.2
0.530
Left atrium, mean ± SD
85.7 ± 25.9
83.6 ± 19.4
89.1 ± 5.6
0.784
Right atrium, mean ± SD
81.6 ± 5.9
71.2 ± 9.4
68.3 ± 7.1
0.001
Pulmonary vein, mean ± SD
95.5 ± 1.3
93.2 ± 6.1
94.1 ± 4.2
0.461
Pulmonary artery, mean ± SD
86.7 ± 4.9
74.8 ± 8.5
71.3 ± 7.9
<0.001
PVR (Woods unit), mean ± SD
3.2 ± 1.6
15.6 ± 3.2
26.8 ± 12.4
<0.001
Flow ratio, mean ± SD
3.4 ± 1.4
1.8 ± 0.8
1.5 ± 0.9
<0.001
One-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables or chi-squared test for categorical variable, comparison among PAH severity. QR: interquartile range, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, ASD: atrial septal defect, TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, TVRG: tricuspid valve regurgitant gradient, RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure, LVIDd: left ventricle internal diastolic diameter, PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance, and mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure.
