Research Article

Long-Term Costs of Ischemic Stroke and Major Bleeding Events among Medicare Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Table 5

Incremental utilization for the first, second, and third years following ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and other major bleeding events (2011 USD).

Incremental utilizationIschemic strokeICHOther major bleeds
Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 1Year 2Year 3

Patients with events, n 4,8873,2142,12173248031010,4177,0304,682
Controls, n 20,81113,6208,9682,9341,8961,21841,63427,93618,563
Visits, mean (SD)
 Inpatient admissions1.8 (1.9)0.2 (2.1)0.1 (1.5)1.9 (2.0)0.2 (2.1)0.1 (1.3)1.7 (2.0)0.5 (2.0)0.3 (1.8)
 Inpatient length of stay13.0 (18.8)1.7 (17.3)0.8 (12.1)17.5 (21.1)1.8 (17.0)0.4 (9.4)9.3 (16.7)2.8 (14.9)1.9 (12.6)
 Outpatient visits29.3 (50.9)7.6 (54.5)5.2 (45.6)37.5 (55.6)3.9 (52.1)2.5 (44.6)29.7 (53.3)11.0 (57.6)8.8 (48.5)
Costs, mean (SD)
 Total cost for patients with recurrence$36,446
($46,915)
$5,651
($24,653)
$6,425
($36,941)
$54,132
($48,830)
$3,960
($20,287)
$355
($27,807)
$29,168
($44,457)
$6,866
($23,571)
$11,368
($38,379)
 Total cost for patients without recurrence$32,434
($43,046)
$2,391
($21,493)
$3,349
($31,199)
$47,091
($54,879)
$3,957
($23,026)
$3,434
($28,414)
$22,608
($43,323)
$2,908
($22,163)
$4,253
($33,263)
 Inpatient$16,669
($25,592)
$1,793
($27,022)
$665
($16,337)
$26,904
($38,184)
$2,314
($27,144)
$294
($12,219)
$12,723
($27,637)
$2,791
($27,077)
$2,248
($18,982)
 Outpatient$3,869
($11,865)
$689
($12,584)
$426
($10,366)
$6,952
($13,924)
$1,520
($14,808)
$765
($13,663)
$4,703
($13,612)
$2,081
($14,468)
$1,635
($12,115)
 ER$1,556
($2,556)
$288
($2,706)
$133
($1,976)
$2,029
($3,329)
$318
($2,809)
$239
($1,819)
$1,709
($2,885)
$443
($2,984)
$372
($2,294)
 SNF$7,160
($14,392)
$1,381
($12,890)
$1,130
($9,303)
$7,832
($14,374)
$1,560
($12,664)
$444
($8,112)
$2,688
($10,366)
$751
($11,270)
$587
($7,886)
 Home healthcare$3,043
($11,375)
$918
($9,640)
$666
($8,275)
$2,676
($8,553)
$697
($9,373)
$408
($5,518)
$1,226
($9,188)
$531
($10,779)
$244
($6,961)
 Hospice$341
($6,376)
$406
($8,440)
$629
($8,093)
$874
($6,856)
$1,364
($10,438)
$806
($7,627)
$54
($5,504)
$84
($6,897)
$46
($5,446)
 DME$262
($2,406)
$147
($2,491)
$126
($1,976)
$374
($2,661)
$138
($2,746)
$199
($2,588)
$309
($3,225)
$256
($3,412)
$268
($3,983)

ICH: intracranial hemorrhage; SD: standard deviation; ER: emergency room; SNF: skilled nursing facility; DME: durable medical equipment.
Note: incremental utilization is calculated as the difference between the utilization measure for each patient with an event and matched controls during the given time interval. All patients with data at each time point are included in the estimates.