Clinical Study
Patterns of Change in Cognitive Function over Six Months in Adults with Chronic Heart Failure
Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the two groups. Mean ± standard deviation or
(%) is reported.
| | Total sample | Average processing speed () | Below processing speed () | value |
| | Age (years) | 62.1 ± 12.4 | 56.1 ± 12.1 | 66.3 ± 11.9 | <.001 | | Male | 179 (64.2) | 62 (54.4) | 117 (70.9) | .005 | | Race/ethnicity | | | | | | White | 175 (62.7) | 86 (75.4) | 89 (53.9) | <.001 | | Non white | 104 (37.3) | 28 (24.6) | 76 (46.1) | | Income | | | | .021 | | More than enough | 98 (35.1) | 43 (37.7) | 55 (33.3) | | Sufficient | 136 (48.8) | 61 (53.5) | 75 (45.5) | | Less than enough | 45 (16.1) | 10 (8.8) | 35 (21.2) | | Years of education | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 14.9 ± 3.1 | 13.2 ± 2.5 | <.001 | | Body mass index (BMI) | 31.0 ± 7.9 | 29.4 ± 7.5 | 32.0 ± 8.1 | .006 | | Exercise | | | | .002 | | None | 57 (20.4) | 19 (16.7) | 38 (23.0) | | Minimal | 103 (36.9) | 32 (28.1) | 71 (43.0) | | Adequate | 119 (42.7) | 63 (55.3) | 56 (34.0) | | Charlson comorbidity severity | | | | <.001 | | Low | 148 (53.1) | 79 (69.3) | 69 (41.8) | | Moderate | 101 (36.2) | 32 (28.1) | 69 (41.8) | | High | 30 (10.7) | 3 (2.6) | 27 (16.4) | | NYHA functional class | | | | | | Classes I and II | 66 (23.7) | 33 (28.9) | 33 (20.0) | .188 | | Class III | 163 (58.4) | 63 (55.3) | 100 (60.6) | | Class IV | 50 (17.9) | 18 (15.8) | 32 (19.4) | | Ejection fraction | 35.5 ± 17.0 | 34.5 ± 16.0 | 36.2 ± 17.6 | .404 | | ACE inhibitor | 161 (57.7) | 75 (65.8) | 86 (52.1) | .023 | | Beta blocker | 258 (92.5) | 107 (93.9) | 151 (91.5) | .466 | | Mean arterial pressure | 84.7 ± 12.0 | 82.6 ± 11.4 | 86.1 ± 12.2 | .016 | | Epworth sleepiness scale score ≥ 11 | 66 (23.7) | 23 (20.2) | 43 (26.1) | .256 | | Basel medication adherence scale | 0.96 ± 0.94 | 1.10 ± 0.95 | 0.90 ± 0.94 | .193 | | ANART correct responses | 56.8 ± 1.4 | 57.3 ± 1.3 | 56.4 ± 1.3 | <.001 | | Digit symbol substitution task total score | 53.4 ± 17.5 | 69.4 ± 11.0 | 42.3 ± 11.5 | <.001 |
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ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ANART: American National Adult Reading Test; NYHA: New York Heart Association.
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