The Outcome of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients Treated for COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Modified Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for the included observational studies.

Selection^a					Comparability^b	Outcome^c
Included studies	Representativeness of the exposed cohort	Selection of nonexposed	Ascertainment of exposure	Outcome of interest was not present at start of study		Assessment of outcome	Length of follow-up	Adequacy of follow-up	Total number of stars^d
Rosenberg et al., 2020 [14]	A	A	A	A	AB	A	B	A	8
Mahévas et al., 2020 [13]	A	A	A	A	AB	A	B	B	8
Barbosa Espe et al., 2020 [32]	A	A	A	A	B	A	B	B	7
Geleris et al., 2020 [4]	A	A	A	A	AB	A	B	B	8
Saleh et al., 2020 [26]	A	A	A	A	B	A	B	D	6
Mercuro et al., 2020 [33]	B	A	A	A	B	A	B	C	6
Magagnoli et al., 2020 [31]	B	A	A	A	AB	A	B	D	7
Yu et al., 2020 [30]	A	A	A	A	B	B	B	D	6
Mehta et al., 2020 [36]	A	A	A	A	AB	A	A	A	9

^aSelection: (1) representativeness of the exposed cohort: A, consecutive eligible participants were selected, participants were randomly selected, or all participants were invited to participate from the source population; B, not satisfying requirements in part (a) or not stated. (2) Selection of the nonexposed cohort: A, selected from the same source population; B, selected from a different source population; C, no description. (3) Ascertainment of exposure: A, structured injury data (e.g., record completed by medical staff); B, structured interview; C, written self-report; D, no description. (4) For a demonstration that the outcome of interest was not present at the start of the study: A, yes; B, no or not explicitly stated. ^bComparibility: for comparability of cohorts based on the design or analysis: A, study controls for previous injury; B, study controls for age. ^cOutcome: (1) assessment of outcome: A, independent or blind assessment stated or confirmation of the outcome by reference to secure records (e.g., imaging and structured injury data); B, record linkage (e.g., identified through ICD codes on database records); C, self-report with no reference to original structured injury data or imaging; D, no description. (2) Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur? A, yes (≥3 months); B, no (<3 months). (3) Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts: A, complete follow-up—all participants accounted for; B, subjects lost to follow-up unlikely to introduce bias (<15% lost to follow-up, or description provided of those lost); C, follow-up rate <85% and no description of those lost provided; D, no statement. ^dTotal is out of 9 stars. Note: ≥7, high-quality study; 5–7, moderate quality study; <5, low-quality study.