Case Report
Alveolar Hemorrhage, a Rare and Life-Threatening Complication of Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Table 1
Preliminary criteria for the classification of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) [3].
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Note: given that many times biopsy and histological confirmation of small vessel occlusion cannot be obtained due to the critical condition of the patients, a proposal has been made to substitute the “histopathology criteria” by the exclusion of other diagnoses. aUsually clinical evidence of vessel occlusions, confirmed by imaging techniques when appropriate; renal involvement is defined by a 50% rise in serum creatinine, severe systemic hypertension (>180/100 mm Hg), and/or proteinuria (>500 mg/24 h). bFor histopathological confirmation, significant evidence of thrombosis must be present, although vasculitis may coexist occasionally. cIf the patient had not previously been diagnosed as having an APS, the laboratory confirmation requires that the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies must be detected on two or more occasions at least 12 weeks apart (not necessarily at the time of the event), according to the proposed preliminary criteria for the classification of definite APS. |