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| Condition | Characteristics |
|
| Atopic dermatitis | (i) Benign
(ii) Immune system disturbance, epidermal barrier dysregulation
(iii) Pathology: hyperkeratosis, dyskeratosis, psoriasiform hyperplasia, patent intercellular edema |
|
| Allergic contact dermatitis | (i) Benign
(ii) T-cell-mediated immune response, with delayed-type hypersensitivity response
(iii) Pathology: hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis, eosinophilic spongiosis and microvesicles |
|
| Psoriasis | (i) Benign
(ii) Hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes
(iii) Dysregulation of the immune system
(iv) Auspitz’s sign
(v) Pathology: hyperplasia of the epidermis, Munro microabscesses, parakeratosis |
|
| Squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts (SMOLD)/Zuska’s disease | (i) Benign
(ii) Blockage of the lactiferous ducts by a keratin plug results in duct rupture and keratin debris penetrating the stroma
(iii) No lymphadenopathy
(iv) Pathology: squamous epithelium extended beyond the normal transition line within the duct orifice |
|
| Nipple adenoma/papillary adenoma of the nipple | (i) Benign
(ii) Adenomas in the large lactiferous ducts of the nipple
(iii) Pathology: epithelial hyperplasia with luminal obliteration or intraductal papillary projections, intraductal necrosis, pseudo-invasion of the ducts conferred by the distorting fibrosis |
|
| Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) | (i) Benign
(ii) Frequent in premenopausal women
(iii) Pathology: epidermal acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and papillomatosis |
|
| Bowen’s disease | (i) Benign can evolve into malignant
(ii) Dysplasia and pleomorphism of the keratinocytes, with hyperchromatic nuclei, without dermal infiltration |
|
| Pagetoid dyskeratosis | (i) Benign
(ii) Cells with a larger size than usual, with abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and pycnotic nucleus surrounded by a clear halo and lacking cytologic atypia
(iii) Negativity for EMA, CK7, CEA, and HER2 |
|
| Inflammatory breast cancer | (i) Malignant
(ii) Lymphatic blockage caused by cancer cells in the cutaneous tissue of the breast
(iii) Usually associated with lymphadenopathy
(iv) Pathology: tumor cells invasion of the dermal lymphatics |
|
| In situ malignant melanoma | (i) Malignant
(ii) Involvement of MAPK/ERK pathway, N-RAS, or BRAF
(iii) ABCDE algorithm
(iv) Pathology: groups of intraepidermal atypical melanocytes |
|
