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Patient characteristics | Anticoagulation or bleeding risk factors | Procedure | Diagnosis | Treatment | Outcome | Reference |
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29-year-old woman with pulmonary embolism | Coumadin | Unsuccessful attempt at ABG sampling from left radial artery | Left forearm compartment syndrome | Fasciotomy of the volar compartment of the left forearm; skin grafting | Full recovery of motor function; persistent small sensory deficit. | Halpern, 1978 [4] |
54-year-old woman with pulmonary embolism | Thrombolysis with tenecteplase | Blood gas sampling from right radial artery | Right forearm compartment syndrome | Emergent fasciotomy; skin grafting | “Uneventful recovery” | Bisarya, 2013 [5] |
30-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease due to Goodpasture’s syndrome | Uremia | Blood gas sampling from left brachial artery | Left volar forearm compartment syndrome | Emergent fasciotomy; platelet transfusion for uremic platelet dysfunction | Complete recovery of sensory function 2 days after surgery | Safran, 1994 [6] |
16-year-old woman after a motor vehicle accident with extensive intraabdominal and intrathoracic injuries; no right upper extremity fractures | Prolonged surgery with massive intraoperative blood loss requiring massive transfusion | Preoperative right brachial arterial line placement after several needle passes | Right forearm and hand compartment syndrome | Monitoring of compartment pressures. No surgical intervention performed. | Full recovery | Horlocker, 1995 [7] |
52-year-old man with end-stage liver disease secondary to primary sclerosing | Severe intraoperative coagulopathy requiring massive transfusion during orthotopic liver transplantation | Right radial arterial line placement after 2 unsuccessful attempts | Right anterior forearm compartment syndrome | Fasciotomy | Full recovery | Lipton, 2018 [8] |
Patient in 60s admitted with acute pulmonary embolism | Full dose anticoagulation with therapeutic low-molecular-weight heparin and then therapeutic heparin infusion | Multiple attempts at ABG sampling from the radial artery | Right forearm compartment syndrome | Emergent fasciotomy; extensive debridement of necrotic muscle; required a total of 6 surgeries and skin grafting | Poor outcome with poor wrist and finger flexion; impaired sensation in the median and ulnar nerve distributions in the hand | Elmorsy, 2017 [9] |
ICU patient admitted with pulmonary embolism, age not reported | Full anticoagulation and thrombolytics | Multiple attempts to obtain blood gas sample from right radial artery | Right forearm compartment syndrome | Emergent fasciotomy; multiple washout and debridement surgeries | Only partial improvement of motor and sensory deficits | Elmorsy, 2017 [9] |
ICU patient who developed DVT and PE during admission, age not reported | Therapeutic heparin infusion | Multiple attempts to obtain blood gas sample from right radial artery | Right forearm compartment syndrome | No surgical intervention performed due to overall poor prognosis of patient. | Death 7 days later | Elmorsy, 2017 [9] |
22-year-old man admitted to ICU after severe head injury | None | Repeated arterial punctures for blood gas sampling | Large false aneurysm of the distal right radial artery with subsequent forearm compartment syndrome | Resection of the false aneurysm | Not reported | Matsagas, 2003 [10] |
76-year-old man with acute coronary syndrome | Therapeutic heparin infusion after cardiac stent placement | Accidental placement of a 21-gauge intravenous cannula into the right brachial artery which was removed without immediate complications | Compartment syndrome of the flexor forearm compartment developed 2 days after accidental arterial cannulation, while on heparin infusion | Fasciotomy, repair of brachial artery tear, skin grafting | Full recovery | Shabat, 2002 [11] |
4 patients (3 women, 1 man), age range 60–75 | Full anticoagulation | Transradial left heart catheterization | Forearm compartment syndrome; rupture of the radial artery at the puncture site (3 patients); rupture of both brachial and radial artery (one patient) | Early surgical decompressive fasciotomy; repair of arterial ruptures | Full recovery | Lee, 2020 [12] |
68-year-old man with acute coronary syndrome | Heparin infusion. Vasospasm induced by the radial arterial sheath | Cardiac catheterization via the right radial artery | Compartment syndrome caused by vasospasm | Fasciotomy; intraoperative finding of edema without any evidence of bleeding or hematoma or injury to the artery | Full recovery | Araki, 2010 [13] |
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