Abstract
Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) represents a rare type of extramedullar manifestation from the acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We report the case of a patient with recurrences of AML M4eo leukaemia in the uterus and the small intestine at 3 and 5 years, respectively, after matched related peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). The patient underwent the withdrawal of immunosuppression, hysterectomy, and local irradiation at first relapse, as well as systemic chemotherapy and donor lymphocyte infusions at second recurrence, inducing a second and third complete remission, respectively. At year six after transplantation, the patient experienced disease progression by meningeosis leukaemia to which she succumbed despite intrathecal chemotherapy. Following allogeneic stem cell transplantation, awareness for atypical manifestations of granulocytic sarcoma appears prudent, the cellular immunotherapy should aim at immunological disease control.
1. Introduction
Granulocytic sarcoma is rare extramedullar manifestations of the AML, occurring particularly in patients with AML FAB M4/M5 morphology, AML t(8;21) or inv(16), as well as leukemias with CD13- and CD14-positive immunophenotype or high initial blast counts in the peripheral blood [1–4]. GS mostly involves the skin, lymph nodes, and soft tissue, furthermore, in rare cases manifestations in visceral organs have also been reported. Of those, disease manifestations in the ovary or the stomach have been reported particularly in patients with eosinophilic differentiation (M4eo) and inversion 16 [4–11]. GS characteristically expresss CD68 as the most common marker followed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) [1].
2. Case Report
In the case of the 51-year old proposita, the diagnosis of an AML M4eo was confirmed morphologically and cytogenetically by the characteristic inversion (16) (p13q22) in 12/2003. Because of a punctio sicca, no blood from the bone marrow could be aspirated for FACS analysis. A complete remission, also on cytogenetic level, was achieved after the first cycle of cytosine arabinoside, idarubicin, and etoposide induction therapy. This outcome was consolidated by high-dose chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone as well as consecutive allogeneic PBSCT from an HLA-matched sibling donor after total body irradiation/cyclophosphamide (TBI/Cy) in 05/2004. Four weeks after the PBSCT, a 100% donor chimerism was detected. The patient experienced chronic graft versus host disease (GvHD), necessitating a low-dose systemic steroid treatment.
In 11/2007, a hysterectomy was performed after the occurrence of a painful uterine tumor, yielding the diagnosis of a GS-expressing MPO, the monocyte marker CD68 and KiM1P, without any bone marrow manifestation of the AML (Figure 1). The donor chimerism remains 100%. The surgery was followed by radiotherapy of the pelvis and withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication, leading to limited GvHD with cutaneous and mucocutaneous manifestations.
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In 11/2008, recurrent epigastric pain leads to a gastroscopy documenting again a GS (expression of CD68 and MPO) of the duodenum, without bone marrow infiltration and detectable inversion 16 and still with 100% donor chimerism. The patient received high-dose salvage chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone, followed by donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) inducing a third complete remission. However, in 04/2009 a meningeosis leukaemia (227 cells/mm3 liquor, expression of CD68 and MPO) was diagnosed, and treatment with intrathecal cytosine arabinoside initiated. The patient received no systemic chemotherapy because of a reduced general state of health and died from meningeal leukemia progression in 03/2010.
3. Discussion
Granulocytic sarcoma is rare manifestation of the AML and associated with diverse cytogenetic changes in the leukemic blast, in particular the core binding factor leukemia AML M2 t(8;21) [1–3, 12]. Very rarely observed cases of GS originating from blast cells with inv (16) have also been reported, predominantly occurring with intestinal manifestation, similar to the findings in the proposita [4, 7, 11, 12]. The prognosis of patients with granulocytic sarcoma is generally dismal especially in the AML relapse situation. In a retrospective investigation of 24 patients with GS overall survival at five years amounted to an average of only 21% [13]. Systemic chemotherapy similar to the AML patterns are offered to most of the patients, whereas the role of primary or consolidating local irradiation is currently not clear [13]. For the rare cases of AML disease relapse manifesting as GS, the standard of care yet remains to be defined.
Immunological control, that is exploiting the graft-versus-leukeamia (GvL) effect after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, appears as a promising approach in such patients. The relapse situation of the proposita, that is, the recurrent visceral organ manifestations without bone marrow involvement suggests that immunological control protected the bone marrow but was not sufficient to eradicate the disease at organ sites with immunological privileges. Interestingly, Maeng et al. [6] also reported about a patient with an isolated extramedullary relapse of AML in the uterus, occurring two years after allogeneic PBSCT. The course of disease reported here might show that patients with GS may benefit from combination of local control, chemotherapy, and exploiting the GvL effect. We conclude that awareness of disease manifestations at immunologically privileged sites appears prudent, and that optimal management of patients with recurring GS remains to be defined.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed to the care of this patient, S. Schweyer provided the histology assessment, and S. Zaenker and G. Wulf wrote the paper.