Case Report
Hypercalcemic Encephalopathy as an Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma
Table 1
Differential diagnosis of metabolic encephalopathy and mechanisms in multiple myeloma.
| A. Differential diagnosis of acute metabolic encephalopathies | B. Mechanism of encephalopathy in multiple myeloma |
| 1. Septic encephalopathy | 1. Hypercalcemia | 2. Hepatic encephalopathy | 2. Hyperviscosity | 3. Uremic encephalopathy | 3. Uremia | 4. Hyponatremia/hypernatremia | 4. Hyperammonemia | 5. Hypercalcemia | 5. Leptomeningeal myelomatosis (LMM) | 6. Hypoglycemia | | 7. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) | | 8. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy | | 9. Wernicke encephalopathy | |
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