|
| Successful treatment | Case | Patient | Successful treatment course |
|
| Antibiotics |
| Doxycycline | Korbi et al. [23] | 54-year-old female | Doxycycline 100 mg/day for 3 months, decreased to 50 mg/day for 3 months: remission after 4 weeks. No relapse or adverse effect at 13-month follow-up |
|
| Corticosteroids (oral) |
| Betamethasone | Ceccarelli et al. [24] | 92-year-old male with monoclonal IgG gammopathy | Betamethasone 3 mg once daily (tapered at week 2) and topical mometasone furoate which was replaced by methylprednisolone aceponate topical emulsion and emollients at week 2: improvement after 1 week with complete resolution after 5 months |
|
| Prednisolone | Ranieri et al. [25] | 93-year-old female | Prednisolone 25 mg/day taper for 10 days: improvement, with relapse 2 weeks later. Resumption of steroids resulted in complete remission after 6 weeks |
| Brown et al. [21] | 78-year-old female with chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Prednisolone 20 mg/day: improvement within 7 days |
| Lotery et al. [26] | 29-year-old female with congenital cyanotic heart disease | Prednisolone, dapsone, and topical corticosteroids: improvement within an unknown duration of time |
|
| Cyclosporin | Karadoğan et al. [27] | 50-year-old female | Cyclosporin 3 mg/kg/day and prednisone 1 mg/kg/day: gradual remission in 2 weeks |
| Zachariae et al. [28] | 29-year-old male | Cyclosporin 100–400 mg/day and prednisolone 35–100 mg/day: improvement within 2 days and no new lesions after 15 days |
|
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | Rasch et al. [29] | 83-year-old male with combined lack of IgG/IgM and monoclonal IgA/kappa gammopathy | IVIG 0.2 g/kg: remission within a few days |
| Kundak et al. [30] | 5-year-old female with IgA elevation | IVIG 600 mg/kg: improvement within one week |
|
| Monoclonal antibodies |
| Guselkumab | Teraki and Sugai [11] | 72-year-old female with mild IgA elevation | Guselkumab 100 mg at baseline, one month, and then bimonthly: complete remission with no relapse at 12-month follow-up |
|
| PDE4-inhibitors |
| Apremilast | Magdaleno-Tapial et al. [31] | 65-year-old female | Apremilast 30 mg BID: significant improvement at 5 weeks |
|
| Phototherapy and laser therapy |
| Psoralen UVA | Khachemoune and Blyumin [3] | 28-year-old male | PUVA maintenance therapy, once every three weeks: significant improvement and control with maintenance therapy |
| Bauwens et al. [32] | 55-year-old male with monoclonal IgA gammopathy | PUVA three times a week and dapsone 50 mg/day: Improvement after 10 sessions, complete remission after 15 sessions |
|
| Narrowband UVB | Bordignon et al. [33] | 28-year-old female | Narrowband UVB phototherapy three times a week and clobetasol ointment: complete remission after 42 treatment sessions with no relapse at 24-month follow-up |
| Excimer laser | Miura and Fujiwara [34] | 83-year-old male | 308-nm UVB excimer laser at maximal erythema dose (MED; 800 mJ·cm−2)/month: improvement after four sessions. After 24 sessions and 0.5 MED 12 sessions, sustained remission for 6 months with no treatment |
|
| Purine biosynthesis inhibitors |
| Mizoribine | Kono et al. [35] | 27-year-old female | Mizoribine 150 mg/day and 50 mg/day maintenance dose: dramatic improvement after 1 week. No relapses at 6-month follow-up |
|
| Retinoids |
| Acitretin | Canpolat et al. [36] | 55-year-old female with monoclonal IgA gammopathy | Acitretin 10–25 mg/day: improvement within 2 weeks with complete resolution at 4 months |
| Young et al. [37] | 33-year-old male with IgG MGUS | Acitretin 25–40 mg/day and clobetasol ointment BID: improvement at 4-week follow-up, complete resolution after increased dose (40 mg) for 4 weeks |
| Ratnarathorn and Newman [15] | 45-year-old female with nodal marginal zone lymphoma | Acitretin 50/25 mg (alternating dose) per day and rituximab (initiated to treat lymphoma): improvement noted after 1 year of rituximab and no relapses on maintenance acitretin |
| Neely et al. [38] | 58-year-old male with monoclonal IgA gammopathy | Acitretin 40 mg/day: complete response in 8 days, sustained at 15-month follow-up |
| Yayli et al. [39] | 10-year-old female | Acitretin 0.5 mg/kg/day: nearly complete resolution within 4 weeks. Reduced to every other day without relapses at 1-month follow-up |
| Teixeira et al. [40] | 78-year-old male | Acitretin 35 mg/day: improvement in 2 weeks |
|
| Etretinate | Hagino et al. [41] | 71-year-old with IgG-Kappa multiple myeloma | Etretinate 20 mg/day for 10 days: remission with no recurrence at 7-month follow-up |
|
| TNF inhibitors |
| Adalimumab | Guerin et al. [1] | 69-year-old female with monoclonal IgA gammopathy | Adalimumab 40 mg every 2 weeks with dapsone 50 mg/day: complete remission after 1 month. Relapse occurred at 5 months but reducing interval to adalimumab 40 mg every week for 1 month caused clearance again which was sustained at 1-year follow-up |
| Guerin et al. [1] | 83-year-old female with monoclonal IgA gammopathy | Adalimumab 50 mg every 2 weeks: complete remission at 3 months. No recurrence after six months |
| Chen et al. [42] | 28-year-old female | Adalimumab 80 mg/week with acitretin 0.6 mg/kg/day and methylprednisolone 40 mg/day: improvement within 1 week |
| Adalimumab 40 mg for one week, followed by 40 mg every two weeks, with acitretin and methylprednisolone tapers: remission at 6-week follow-up |
| Etanercept | Iobst and Ingraham [43] | 27-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis | Etanercept, unknown dose: resolution |
| Bedi [10] | 28-year-old female | Etanercept 25 mg biweekly with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment PRN: 80% improvement after 3 months and 100% improvement after 5 months |
| Etanercept 50 mg biweekly w/o tacrolimus: complete remission after 3 months |
| Berk et al. [16] | 51-year-old male | Etanercept 50 mg twice weekly with acitretin 25 mg every other day: clinical regression after 1 month, maintained at 13-month follow-up |
| Berk et al. [16] | 61-year-old male | Etanercept 50 mg twice weekly with topical steroids PRN: improvement at 1-month follow-up, mild flare at 7 months, improvement again at 9-month follow-up with the same regimen |
|
| Infliximab | Kretschmer et al. [44] | 29-year-old male | Infliximab 350 mg single dose: regression in a few days |
| Maintenance therapy with infliximab started after 2 months: no relapses |
| Voigtländer et al. [17] | 79-year-old female | Infliximab 5 mg/kg with methylprednisolone 0.4 mg/kg and acitretin 0.4 mg/kg daily: improvement within 2 days after infliximab, with a few relapses when methylprednisolone was not part of therapy. With combination of all three, complete remission for 6 months |
| Romagnuolo et al. [18] | 80-year-old female | Infliximab, induction dose 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6 and maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg every 8 weeks with dapsone 50 mg/day: improvement after one week and complete remission after one month |
| Naretto et al. [19] | 37-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus | Infliximab 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, 22 and then every other month, plus prednisone and azathioprine: improvement within 24 hours with remission sustained at 6 months |
| Bonifati et al. [14] | 54-year-old female | Infliximab 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, and 22 with methylprednisone and acitretin: improvement within 48 hours, however flare at week 12 |
|
| Topicals only |
| Topical steroids | Sauder and Glassman [45] | 48-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis taking adalimumab | Clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% BID: gradual improvement and complete resolution at 1 year |
| Lade and Morey [46] | 23-year-old female during pregnancy | Clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% BID: improvement within 7 days, mild flare after discontinuing, but resolved with resuming treatment for 2 weeks and had no relapses at 6-month follow-up |
| Scheinfeld et al. [47] | 61-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis | Clobetasol propionate ointment: remission |
| Lombart et al. [48] | 36-year-old male with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection | Topical corticosteroids: complete remission in a few weeks with no recurrence at 18-months follow-up |
| Barahimi et al. [49] | 51-year-old male with Crohn’s disease treated with ustekinumab | Topical steroids: controlled rash |
| Bohelay et al. [50] | “Early 20s”-year-old male with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection | Topical steroids: complete remission in 1 week |
|
| Topical vitamin D derivatives | Hoshina et al. [51] | 69-year-old female | Maxacalcitol: remission at 1 month, sustained at 4 months |
| Kawaguchi et al. [52] | 77-year-old male | Tacalcitol: improvement after 1 month with no relapse |
| Strong corticosteroid ointment: improvement after two weeks but relapse after 3 months |
|
| Topical dapsone | Doolan et al. [53] | 82-year-old female | Daily topical dapsone 7.5% gel: complete remission in 3 weeks |
|
| Vitamin B derivatives |
| Riboflavin + nicotinamide | Yamaguchi et al. [54] | 62-year-old male | Vitamin B2 riboflavin low dose and subsequent 1500 mg/day oral nicotinamide: gradual improvement with clearance at 2 months |
|
| Xanthine derivatives |
| Pentoxifylline | Falcone et al. [55] | “20s”-year-old female | Pentoxifylline 400 mg TID: remission for 7 years, only one flare which was treated with prednisone |
|
