Thermal Effects Associated with RF Exposures in Diagnostic MRI: Overview of Existing and Emerging Concepts of Protection

Table 3

Structured search criteria in Embase to identify thermophysiological effects from RF exposures in the MRI relevant frequency range.

Radiofrequency	Exposure	Health effects	Exclusion: frequencies	Exclusion: devices	Exclusion: cancer and animal models
(‘radiofrequency’/exp OR radiofrequency:ti,ab OR ‘radio-frequency’:ti,ab OR rf OR mhz)	(‘sar’ OR ‘specific absorption rate’ OR ‘thermal dose’ OR cem43 OR ‘exposure’) NOT (‘occupational exposure’ OR ‘environmental’)	(‘thermoregulation’ OR ‘core temperature’ OR ‘body temperature’ OR ‘temperature elevation’ OR ‘hyperthermia’ OR ‘heat stress’ OR ‘tissue damage’ OR ‘burn’ OR ‘burns’) NOT (‘burn’:au OR ‘burns’:au OR ‘chemical burn’)	NOT (‘1800 mhz’ OR ‘1.8 ghz’ OR ‘2400 mhz’ OR ‘2.4 ghz’ OR ‘2,4ghz’ OR ‘2450 MHz’ OR ‘2100 MHz’ OR ‘2.1 ghz’ OR ‘1900 mhz’ OR ‘1.9 ghz’ OR ‘1750mhz’ OR ‘835 mhz’ OR ‘950 mhz’ OR ‘900 mhz’ OR ‘915 mhz’ OR ‘1950 mhz’ OR ‘954 khz’ OR ‘448 khz’ OR microwave OR ultrasound OR ‘millimeter wave’)	NOT (‘mobile phone’ OR implantable OR implant OR ‘active medical device’ OR pacemaker OR stent OR wireless OR ablation OR interventional OR ‘low intensity’ OR GSM OR UMTS OR 3G OR RFID OR ‘base station’ OR ‘mobile phone’ OR ‘low power’ OR laser OR sealer OR applicator OR ferromagnetic OR ‘dielectric heater’ OR ‘dielectric heaters’ OR electrode OR catheter OR ‘stimulation’/exp OR stimulation OR ‘base station’ OR ept OR ‘design’/exp OR design OR ‘optimization’/exp OR optimization OR array OR sequence OR robot OR nanoparticle OR nanomaterial OR artifact OR artefact)	NOT (‘rat’/exp OR rat OR ‘rats’/exp OR rats OR mice OR mouse OR ‘ewe’ OR dog OR murine OR chicken OR rabbit OR hamster OR chromosome OR mutation OR bacteria OR ‘cell line’ OR culture OR bovine OR bovis OR ozone OR ‘rectal cancer’ OR ‘bladder cancer’ OR ‘breast cancer’ OR ‘combined treatment’)