Thermal Effects Associated with RF Exposures in Diagnostic MRI: Overview of Existing and Emerging Concepts of Protection

Table 1

Overview of experimental data for core temperature rise in relation to RF exposure in MRI equipment.

Reference and year of publication	Number of Subjects	Exposure; Type	Dosimetry	SAR and; Duration	Max core temperature increase	Mean core temperature increase
[13] (1986)	25 patients	ambient temperature 20–24°c; whole body	no	0.5–1.3 W/kg per sequence; 40–90 min	0.6°C
[14] (1987)	50 patients	ambient temperature 20–24°c; whole body	no	0.6–1 W/kg per sequence	0.5°C	0.2°C
[11] (1989)	6 volunteers	whole body	partial	3–4 W/kg;	–	0°C
				30 min
[15] (1994)	6 volunteers	ambient temperature 21–23°c; whole body	yes	6 W/kg; 16 min	>1°C	0.5°C
[16] (2005)	6 volunteers	ambient temperature 31°c (not MRI)	yes	0.5 W/kg	0.4°C	<0.2°C
[12] (2007)	700 patients	hyperthermia treatment; whole body	yes	3–5 W/kg; 30–60 min	>2°C	–
Table 3 (2000)	11 volunteers	whole body	yes	4 W/kg;	0.9°C	0.7°C
				15 min
[17] (2011)	400 children	body, head	no	unknown	>1°C (2%)	–
[18] (2016)	25 neonates	body	no	unknown	–	0°C
[19] (2016)	69 patients	head	no	unknown; < 30 min	>1°C	0.8°C