Differential Diagnosis between Low-Grade and High-Grade Astrocytoma Using System A Amino Acid Transport PET Imaging with C-11-MeAIB: A Comparison Study with C-11-Methionine PET Imaging

Nishii, Ryuichi; Higashi, Tatsuya; Kagawa, Shinya; Arimoto, Maya; Kishibe, Yoshihiko; Takahashi, Masaaki; Yamada, Shigeki; Saiki, Masaaki; Arakawa, Yoshiki; Yamauchi, Hiroshi; Okuyama, Chio; Hojo, Masato; Munemitsu, Toshihiro; Sawada, Masahiro; Kobayashi, Masato; Kawai, Keiichi; Nagamachi, Shigeki; Hirai, Toshinori; Miyamoto, Susumu

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1292746

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Additional Points Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Molecular Imaging in Targeted Therapeutics

View this Special Issue

Clinical Study | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 1292746 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1292746

Differential Diagnosis between Low-Grade and High-Grade Astrocytoma Using System A Amino Acid Transport PET Imaging with C-11-MeAIB: A Comparison Study with C-11-Methionine PET Imaging

Ryuichi Nishii,^1,2,3Tatsuya Higashi ,^1,3Shinya Kagawa,³Maya Arimoto,⁴Yoshihiko Kishibe,³Masaaki Takahashi,³Shigeki Yamada,⁵Masaaki Saiki,⁶Yoshiki Arakawa,⁷Hiroshi Yamauchi,³Chio Okuyama,³and Masato Hojo⁸ et al.

Academic Editor: Guoqiang Shao

Received29 Dec 2017

Accepted06 May 2018

Published20 Jun 2018

Abstract

Introductions. [N-methyl-C-11]α-Methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) is an artificial amino acid radiotracer used for PET study, which is metabolically stable in vivo. In addition, MeAIB is transported by system A neutral amino acid transport, which is observed ubiquitously in all types of mammalian cells. It has already been shown that MeAIB-PET is useful for malignant lymphoma, head and neck cancers, and lung tumors. However, there have been no reports evaluating the usefulness of MeAIB-PET in the diagnosis of brain tumors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of system A amino acid transport PET imaging, MeAIB-PET, in clinical brain tumor diagnosis compared to [S-methyl-C-11]-L-methionine (MET)-PET. Methods. Thirty-one consecutive patients (male: 16, female: 15), who were suspected of having brain tumors, received both MeAIB-PET and MET-PET within a 2-week interval. All patients were classified into two groups: Group A as a benign group, which included patients who were diagnosed as low-grade astrocytoma, grade II or less, or other low-grade astrocytoma () and Group B as a malignant group, which included patients who were diagnosed as anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or recurrent GBM despite prior surgery or chemoradiotherapy (). PET imaging was performed 20 min after the IV injection of MeAIB and MET, respectively. Semiquantitative analyses of MeAIB and MET uptake using SUVmax and tumor-to-contralateral normal brain tissue (T/N) ratio were evaluated to compare these PET images. ROC analyses for the diagnostic accuracy of MeAIB-PET and MET-PET were also calculated. Results. In MeAIB-PET imaging, the SUVmax was 1.20 ± 1.29 for the benign group and 2.94 ± 1.22 for the malignant group (), and the T/N ratio was 3.77 ± 2.39 for the benign group and 16.83 ± 2.39 for the malignant group (). In MET-PET, the SUVmax was 3.01 ± 0.94 for the benign group and 4.72 ± 1.61 for the malignant group (), and the T/N ratio was 2.64 ± 1.40 for the benign group and 3.21 ± 1.14 for the malignant group (n.s.). For the analysis using the T/N ratio, there was a significant difference between the benign and malignant groups with MeAIB-PET with . The result of ROC analysis using the T/N ratio indicated a better diagnosis accuracy for MeAIB-PET for brain tumors than MET-PET (). Conclusions. MeAIB, a system A amino acid transport-specific radiolabeled agents, could provide better assessments for detecting malignant type brain tumors. In a differential diagnosis between low-grade and high-grade astrocytoma, MeAIB-PET is a useful diagnostic imaging tool, especially in evaluations using the T/N ratio. Clinical trial registration. This trial was registered with UMIN000032498.

1. Introduction

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with amino acid analogs has been focused greatly on clinical applications, as it targets increased amino acid transport by tumors [1, 2]. Especially for detecting brain tumors, PET studies with amino acid analogs have been developed [3, 4] to overcome the drawbacks of F-18 FDG (FDG) PET, such as physiological uptake by the brain [5, 6].

As methionine, an essential sulfur amino acid, is necessary for the growth and development of cells, radiolabelled [S-methyl-C-11]-L-methionine (MET), mainly transported by system L amino acid transporters [7, 8], has been clinically used as a tumor-seeking agent for PET imaging for several decades [9]. MET-PET images can visualize not only the population and activity of amino acid transport but also metabolic events inside the body, such as active cell membrane transport, cellular protein synthesis, polyamine synthesis, and trans-methylation reactions [10, 11]. However, MET-PET is known to have several drawbacks when diagnosing tumors. MET is unstable in vivo due to the aminotransfer reaction [10] and is excreted into the bile and intestines. In addition, MET-PET shows faint physiological uptake in the brain, strong physiological uptake in the liver and bone marrow, and uptake in certain types of inflammatory changes [12, 13].

[N-methyl-C-11]α-Methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) is an artificial amino acid radiotracer used for PET study, which is metabolically stable in vivo [14]. Although MET is transported mainly by system L neutral amino acid transport, MeAIB is transported by system A neutral amino acid transport, which is observed ubiquitously in all types of mammalian cells [11, 15]. It has already been shown that MeAIB is useful for amino acid uptake measurements in skeletal muscle and for the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma and head and neck cancers [14, 16, 17]. We have also been investigating system A amino acid PET molecular imaging with MeAIB to detect tumors and have reported its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary and mediastinal mass lesions [18] and prostate cancer [19] in clinical practice.

However, there have been no reports evaluating the usefulness of MeAIB-PET in the diagnosis of brain tumors.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of system A amino acid transport PET imaging, MeAIB-PET, in clinical brain tumor diagnosis compared to MET-PET.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patient Characteristics

From March 2009 to December 2011, 31 consecutive patients (male: 16, female: 15), who were suspected of having brain tumors, received both MeAIB-PET and MET-PET within a 2-week interval. Patients’ ages ranged from 5 to 71 years with a mean age of 44.2 ± 18.5, as shown in Table 1. Inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: (1) patients were suspected of having an intraaxial brain tumor (newly detected or recurrent lesions 6 months or more after successful treatment) by CT and MRI (both were performed as routine clinical studies), (2) each patient gave written informed consent and received MeAIB-PET and MET-PET, and (3) results were confirmed pathologically, or by clinical follow-up more than 6 months after the PET studies. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with extra-axial tumors such as tumors of the meninges, pituitary tumors, pineal parenchymal tumors, or cranial nerve schwannomas, (2) patients with metastatic brain tumors or lymphoma, and (3) patients who refused to receive MeAIB-PET or MET-PET. Of the 52 patients who received MeAIB-PET with suspected brain tumors from March 2009 to December 2011, 31 patients were included in the present study, while the others were excluded because of the exclusion criteria. According to final diagnosis after surgery or biopsy, all patients who met the criteria were classified into the following two groups: Group A (benign), which included patients who were diagnosed as low-grade astrocytoma, grade II including a case of recurrent grade II glioma or less, or other low-grade astrocytomas (; ranging from 5 to 46 years, mean age 32.2 ± 10.0 years; seven males and five females); Group B (malignant), which included patients who were diagnosed as anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or recurrent GBM despite prior surgery or chemoradiotherapy (; ranging from 14 to 71 years, mean age 56.7 ± 16.8 years; nine males and ten females).

This prospective clinical study was approved by our institutional review boards, the Human Study Committee (approval number: #36-04, March 25, 2009) and by the Committee for the Clinical Use of Short-Half Life Radioactive Materials (approval number: #2008-01, November 28, 2008). All enrolled patients or their parents if the patient was under 20 years old received explanations, and then they provided written informed consent regarding this study.

2.2. Radiotracers

Production of MeAIB followed a previously described procedure [18]. The radiosynthesis method was based on that proposed by Nagren et al. [20]. Chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and purchased commercially. [¹¹C]MeOTf was bubbled into the reactor of an automated remotely controlled synthesizer module C-11-BII (SHI, Tokyo, Japan) filled with 1 mg of methyl α-aminoisobutyrate hydrochloride (6.5 mmol) dissolved in 0.4 ml of methanol/acetone (1/1, v/v) and 3.2 μl of 2,2,6,6,N-pentamethyl-piperidine (PMP) at −20°C. Then, the reactor was heated to 80°C for 1 min. After cooling to 25°C, 400 μl of 2 M NaOH was then loaded into the reactor. After heating the mixture for 3 min at 60°C, the hydrolyzed product was diluted with 0.5 ml of HPLC eluent and subsequently transferred to a preparative radio HPLC system consisting of a preparative HPLC pump (PU-980, JASCO), an automated flow-detector-controlled injection system with a 2 ml injection loop, a semipreparative HPLC column (hydrophilic interaction chromatography: HILIC column, Nacalai Tesque, 250 × 10 mm², 5 μm; mobile phase: MeCN/10 mM CH₃COONH₄, 4/1, v/v; flow: 8 ml/min), a UV detector (254 nm), and an NaI(Tl) radioactivity detector. The product-containing fraction was then diluted with 10 ml of isotonic saline. The radiochemical purity of the MeAIB was more than 99%.

MET was synthesized based on the method described in a previous report [21], by the reaction of C-11 methyltriflate with an aqueous solution of L-homocysteine thiolactone in a Sep-Pak tC18 cartridge, followed by purification with ion-exchange cartridges. The radiochemical purity of MET was also more than 99%.

2.3. PET Study

All patients were examined with a whole-body PET scanner, GE Advance (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA), or with a whole-body PET/CT scanner, Siemens True Point Biograph 16 (Siemens/CTI, Erlangen, Germany). All subjects received an intravenous injection of MeAIB (513.6 ± 65.6 MBq) or MET (533.9 ± 35.0 MBq). Brain PET/CT images were acquired 20 min after the radiotracer injection in 1 bed position in both study. Emission images were acquired for 5 min per bed position. The data were reconstructed using the ordered subsets expectation-maximization method using eight subsets, two iterations, and an array size of 256 × 256. For the attenuation correction of PET/CT fusion images, the CT component was performed according to a standard protocol with the following parameters: 140 kV; 50 mAs; tube rotation time, 0.5 s per rotation; slice thickness, 5 mm; and gap, 2 mm. An E-soft workstation (Siemens, Nashville, TN, USA) was used to construct PET/CT fusion images.

2.4. Image Analysis

PET images were interpreted and analyzed by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians with all the available clinical information, and then a final diagnosis was made in agreement. All PET images were fused with the MRI of each subject using the PMOD software, version 3.1 (PMOD; Zürich, Switzerland). We manually placed an irregular region of interest (ROI) on the coregistered MRI image of each patient, and then these ROIs were transferred to the PET image for the interpretation and calculation of the uptake of each radiotracer. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was calculated for semiquantitative analysis of MeAIB and MET uptake by the lesion. The tumor-to-contralateral normal brain tissue (T/N) ratio was determined by dividing the tumor SUVmax by the SUVmean of the contralateral hemisphere.

2.5. Statistics

All values are expressed as mean ± SD. All the statistical analyses were performed using statistical software, JMP version 12 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), in which values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. A comparison between each group was analyzed with the Wilcoxon score for the unpaired data.

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of Patients and Lesions

Final diagnosis was confirmed pathologically by surgical resection, stereotactic biopsy, or by follow-ups of at least more than 6 months. In the benign group of 12 patients, there were 11 astrocytoma grade II or less and one brain stem glioma. In the malignant group of 19 patients, there were 7 with newly diagnosed GBM, 10 with recurrent GBM, and 2 with anaplastic astrocytoma (Table 1).

3.2. Visual and Semiquantitative Analysis of MeAIB and MET Uptake

Table 2 summarizes the SUVmax and T/N ratio of MeAIB- and MET-PET in all patients. In MeAIB-PET imaging, the average SUVmax was 1.20 ± 1.29 for the benign group and 2.94 ± 1.22 for the malignant group (), and the average T/N ratio was 3.77 ± 2.39 for the benign group and 16.83 ± 2.39 for the malignant group (). In MET-PET, the average SUVmax was 3.01 ± 0.94 for the benign group and 4.72 ± 1.61 for the malignant group (), and the average T/N ratio was 2.64 ± 1.40 for the benign group and 3.21 ± 1.14 for the malignant group (n.s.).

The average SUVmax of tumors with MeAIB-PET was significantly lower than that with MET-PET. However, MeAIB uptake in the tumors by the malignant group and the benign group showed significant statistical differences with (Figure 1(a)). The average SUVmax of MET in the tumors of the malignant group was significantly higher than that of the benign group ; however, there was a wide overlap in MET uptake between the benign and malignant groups, resulting in many false positive cases with MET-PET (Figure 1(b)).

(a)

(b)

For the analysis using the T/N ratio, there was a significant difference between the benign and malignant groups with MeAIB-PET with , while no significant difference was observed with MET-PET (Figure 2).

(a)

(b)

Figures 3 and 4 show typical cases in the benign group, which were diagnosed as astrocytoma grade II and low-grade glioma after surgery or stereotactic biopsy. High uptake of MET was in the tumor, while no significant uptake of MeAIB was noted in both cases. In addition, other typical cases in the malignant group are shown in Figures 5 and 8, which were diagnosed as GBM and recurrent GBM; a clear margined tumor was depicted as a high uptake of MeAIB lesion. MET-PET also demonstrated the lesion with the physiological uptake. Higher T/N ratio was noted in MeAIB-PET image, respectively.

3.3. Diagnostic Accuracies of MeAIB- and MET-PET

As for the differential diagnosis of brain tumors between the benign and malignant groups, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses for the diagnostic accuracy of MeAIB-PET and MET-PET using a semiquantitative analysis were assessed (Figure 6). For ROC analysis using SUVmax, the area under curve (AUC) value for MeAIB-PET was 0.83 with standard error 0.090, 95% CI 0.65–1.00, and . The AUC for MET-PET was 0.82 with standard error 0.076, 95% CI 0.67–0.97, and . There was no significant difference in diagnosis accuracy between them (Figure 6(a)). For ROC analysis using the T/N ratio, the AUC value for MeAIB-PET was 0.97 with standard error 0.027, 95% CI 0.92–1.02, and . The AUC for MET-PET was 0.69 with standard error 0.10, 95% CI 0.48–0.89, and . These analyses indicated a better diagnosis accuracy for MeAIB-PET for brain tumors than MET-PET () (Figure 6(b)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 6

Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analyses for the diagnostic accuracy of MeAIB-PET and MET-PET using semiquantitative analysis. (a) For ROC analysis using SUVmax, the area under the curve (AUC) value for MeAIB PET was 0.83 with standard error 0.090, 95% CI 0.65–1.00, and . The AUC for MET-PET was 0.82 with standard error 0.076, 95% CI 0.67–0.97, and . There was no significance of diagnosis accuracy between them. (b) For ROC analysis using T/N ratio, the AUC value for MeAIB PET was 0.97 with standard error 0.027, 95% CI 0.92–1.02, and . The AUC for MET-PET was 0.69 with standard error 0.10, 95% CI 0.48–0.89, and . These analyses indicated better diagnosis accuracy of MeAIB-PET for brain tumors than MET-PET ().

When the cutoff value was set as SUVmax = 2.0 for MeAIB-PET, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 73.7%, 91.7%, and 80.6%, respectively, while if the cutoff value was set as SUVmax = 3.5 for MET-PET, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 73.7%, 75.0%, and 74.2%, respectively. When the cutoff value was set as T/N ratio = 7.0 for MeAIB-PET, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 94.7%, 91.7%, and 93.5%, respectively, while if the cutoff value was set as T/N ratio = 3.0 for MET-PET, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 57.9%, 75.0%, and 64.5%, respectively.

3.4. Relationship of SUVmax in the Lesion with MeAIB and MET

Relationships between SUVmax of MeAIB and that of MET of each lesion in both PET studies using logistic regression are shown in Figure 7. In the benign group, the SUVmax of MeAIB showed a nonsignificant linear relationship with that of MET (Figure 7(a)). On the contrary, in the malignant group, the SUVmax of MeAIB showed a weak positive correlation with that of MET () (Figure 7(b)).

(a)

(b)

4. Discussion

System A amino acid transport is Na⁺- and energy-dependent, highly concentrative, and a putative regulator of cell growth. Malignant transformation is associated with enhanced system A activity [22]. System A is specifically capable of transporting N-methylated amino acids [23]. The amino acid analog MeAIB was developed as an ideal tracer for in vivo transport measurements, as the compound is nonmetabolizable and concentrated in cells only via system A transport [15, 20]. There are several reports regarding clinical MeAIB-PET in patients with lymphoma [14], head and neck cancer [16], in addition to our previous study on pulmonary and mediastinal mass lesions [18], and prostate cancer [19]. However, there have been no reports evaluating the usefulness of MeAIB-PET for the diagnosis of brain tumors.

Our principal finding is that the diagnostic accuracy of MeAIB using T/N ratio was better than those of MET-PET when differentiating benign and malignant brain lesions. The T/N ratio with MeAIB-PET was higher than that with MET because of the faint uptake of MeAIB by normal brains (Figures 3–5 and 8). The reason for this is that MeAIB has difficulty permeating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [24]. Using the T/N ratio, MeAIB-PET displayed higher diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between the benign and malignant groups (Figure 6), which resulted in showing relatively low false negative findings than MET-PET. Therefore, MeAIB-PET may be useful for the diagnosis of malignant brain tumors with broken BBB and high expressions of system A transport. This high T/N ratio may result in the clear contrast between surrounding brain tissues and the marginal edge of malignant brain tumor. Moreover, MeAIB-PET may contribute to more accurate depictions of the tumor margin when stereotactic surgery/biopsy or stereotactic radiotherapy is considered for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. The uptake of MeAIB in brain tumors was lower than that of MET. This may represent a difference in expression between system A and L amino acid transport in tumors. Considering the results of the relationships between SUVmax of MeAIB and that of MET for each tumor in the malignant group, SUVmax of MeAIB showed a weak linear relationship, and not significant, with that of MET.

MET is mainly transported by system L amino acid transporters. MET-PET has been widely used for brain tumor imaging [25–28]. However, for tumor grading using MET-PET, Hatakeyama et al. reported that the differences of MET SUVmax and T/N ratios between grades II and III gliomas were not statistically significant and that low-grade gliomas with oligodendroglial components had relatively high MET uptake [25]. Sasaki et al. noted that MET was highly useful both for detecting astrocytoma and for differentiating between benign and malignant astrocytomas. However, it was not sufficiently useful to evaluate the histological grade of the astrocytomas [27]. In the present study, although MET-PET showed the possibility of distinguishing between low-grade and high-grade astrocytoma using SUVmax, the T/N ratio was not useful for tumor grading (Figure 2), as suggested in previous reports. Physiological uptake of MET by the brain via system L amino acid transporters is considered to be one of the reasons for this result because MET is known to be utilized for the physiological metabolism of normal brain tissues as a substrate for protein synthesis, neurotransmitters, and energy production [2, 10, 11, 29]. In this study, indeed, MET-PET had a tendency to show false positive findings more than MeAIB-PET. The physiological uptake of MET by the normal brain tissue is considered as one of the reasons. In considering other amino acid PET imaging, Inoue et al. investigated an amino acid PET imaging using L-3-[F-18]-fluoro-alpha-methyl tyrosine (FAMT) and reported the mean value of SUV of the brain tumor as 2.83 ± 1.57 in FAMT-PET [30]. This is similar to the result of MET-PET because FAMT is transported into cancer cells via system L amino acid transporter [31].

In terms of the study limitations, there were a relatively small number in the study population that participated in this study. Most of them are astrocytoma grade II or less and GBM. And there were ten recurrent GBM in addition to newly diagnosed GBM included in this study. Recurrent tumors analyzed in this study were lesions 6 months or more after successful treatment, so there might be little effect of the treatment for analysis of this PET imaging study. However, detailed examination with large number of subjects was considered to be needed in terms of influences after surgery or chemotherapy on PET image. Moreover, further study is also needed, including that of brain tumors other than astrocytic tumors such as metastatic brain tumors or CNS lymphoma.

5. Conclusions

We investigated system A amino acid transport PET imaging, MeAIB-PET, in patients with astrocytoma and GBM and compared the diagnostic results to those obtained by MET-PET. MeAIB-PET could provide better assessments for detecting malignant-type brain tumors. In a differential diagnosis between low-grade and high-grade astrocytoma, MeAIB-PET is a useful diagnostic imaging tool, especially in evaluations using the T/N ratio.

Additional Points

Highlights. The uptake of MeAIB in brain tumors was lower but showed higher image contrast than those of MET. Using the T/N ratio, MeAIB-PET showed higher diagnostic accuracy compared to MET-PET. MeAIB-PET contributes to more accurate depictions of the tumor margin. MeAIB-PET provides better assessments for detecting malignant brain tumors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.

References

G. Antoni and B. Langstrom, “Radiopharmaceuticals: molecular imaging using positron emission tomography,” Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 185, no. 1, pp. 177–201, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. L. Jager, W. Vaalburg, J. Pruim et al., “Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 432–445, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Gulyas and C. Halldin, “New PET radiopharmaceuticals beyond FDG for brain tumor imaging,” Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 173–190, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Wadsak and M. Mitterhauser, “Basics and principles of radiopharmaceuticals for PET/CT,” European Journal of Radiology, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 461–469, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Metser and E. Even-Sapir, “Increased (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in benign, nonphysiologic lesions found on whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT): accumulated data from four years of experience with PET/CT,” Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 206–222, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. D. Shreve, Y. Anzai, and R. L. Wahl, “Pitfalls in oncologic diagnosis with FDG PET imaging: physiologic and benign variants,” Radiographics, vol. 19, quiz 150-151, no. 1, pp. 61–77, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Kuang, F. Wang, D. J. Corn, H. Tian, and Z. Lee, “In vitro characterization of uptake mechanism of L-[methyl-(3)H]-methionine in hepatocellular carcinoma,” Molecular Imaging and Biology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 459–468, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Yoshimoto, H. Kurihara, N. Honda et al., “Predominant contribution of L-type amino acid transporter to 4-borono-2-(18)F-fluoro-phenylalanine uptake in human glioblastoma cells,” Nuclear Medicine and Biology, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 625–629, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Leskinen-Kallio, U. Ruotsalainen, K. Nagren, M. Teras, and H. Joensuu, “Uptake of carbon-11-methionine and fluorodeoxyglucose in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a PET study,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1211–1218, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Fujibayashi, K. Kawai, Y. Yonekura et al., “Problems of [S-methyl-11C]-L-methionine as a protein synthesis marker in the pancreas,” Annals of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29–33, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. N. Christensen, “Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 43–77, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. van Waarde, P. L. Jager, K. Ishiwata, R. A. Dierckx, and P. H. Elsinga, “Comparison of sigma-ligands and metabolic PET tracers for differentiating tumor from inflammation,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 150–154, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Yamada, Y. Uchida, K. Tatsumi et al., “Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine evaluation of lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1160–1166, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Sutinen, S. Jyrkkio, T. Gronroos et al., “Biodistribution of [11C] methylaminoisobutyric acid, a tracer for PET studies on system A amino acid transport in vivo,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 847–854, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kagawa, R. Nishii, T. Higashi et al., “Relationship between [14C]MeAIB uptake and amino acid transporter family gene expression levels or proliferative activity in a pilot study in human carcinoma cells: Comparison with [3H]methionine uptake,” Nuclear Medicine and Biology, vol. 49, pp. 8–15, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Sutinen, S. Jyrkkio, K. Alanen, K. Någren, and H. Minn, “Uptake of [N-methyl-11C]alpha-methylaminoisobutyric acid in untreated head and neck cancer studied by PET,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 72–77, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. R. Asola, K. A. Virtanen, P. Peltoniemi et al., “Amino acid uptake in the skeletal muscle measured using [11C]methylaminoisobutyrate (MEAIB) and PET,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 1485–1491, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Nishii, T. Higashi, S. Kagawa et al., “Diagnostic usefulness of an amino acid tracer, alpha-[N-methyl-(11)C]-methylaminoisobutyric acid ((11)C-MeAIB), in the PET diagnosis of chest malignancies,” Annals of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 808–821, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Arimoto, T. Higashi, R. Nishii et al., “(11)C-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) PET for evaluation of prostate cancer: compared with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET,” Annals of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 553–562, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Någren, E. Sutinen, and S. Jyrkkiö, “[N-methyl-11C]MeAIB, a tracer for system A amino acid transport: preparation from [11C]methyl triflate and HPLC metabolite analysis of plasma samples after intravenous administration in man,” Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1013–1021, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Morooka, K. Kubota, H. Kadowaki et al., “11C-methionine PET of acute myocardial infarction,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1283–1287, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. McConathy and M. M. Goodman, “Non-natural amino acids for tumor imaging using positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography,” Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 555–573, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. N. Christensen, D. L. Oxender, M. Liang, and K. A. Vatz, “The use of N-methylation to direct route of mediated transport of amino acids,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 240, no. 9, pp. 3609–3616, 1965.
View at: Google Scholar
R. G. Blasberg, J. D. Fenstermacher, and C. S. Patlak, “Transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid across brain capillary and cellular membranes,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8–32, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Hatakeyama, N. Kawai, Y. Nishiyama et al., “11C-methionine (MET) and 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET in patients with newly diagnosed glioma,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 2009–2017, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. H. Jacobs, A. Thomas, L. W. Kracht et al., “18F-fluoro-L-thymidine and 11C-methylmethionine as markers of increased transport and proliferation in brain tumors,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 1948–1958, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Sasaki, Y. Kuwabara, T. Yoshida et al., “A comparative study of thallium-201 SPET, carbon-11 methionine PET and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET for the differentiation of astrocytic tumours,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1261–1269, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Hatazawa, K. Ishiwata, M. Itoh et al., “Quantitative evaluation of L-[methyl-C-11] methionine uptake in tumor using positron emission tomography,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1809–1813, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
T. K. Narayanan, S. Said, J. Mukherjee et al., “A comparative study on the uptake and incorporation of radiolabeled methionine, choline and fluorodeoxyglucose in human astrocytoma,” Molecular Imaging and Biology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 147–156, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Inoue, T. Shibasaki, N. Oriuchi et al., “18F alpha-methyl tyrosine PET studies in patients with brain tumors,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 399–405, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Miyashita, T. Higuchi, N. Oriuchi et al., “(1)(8)F-FAMT uptake correlates with tumor proliferative activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma: comparative study with (1)(8)F-FDG PET and immunohistochemistry,” Annals of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 579–584, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Ryuichi Nishii et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2727

Downloads

1285

Citations