Iron Oxide Nanoradiomaterials: Combining Nanoscale Properties with Radioisotopes for Enhanced Molecular Imaging

Table 1

Examples on the combined use of nanomaterials and radioisotopes.

Radioisotope	Nanomaterial	Radiolabeling method	Imaging techniques	Application	Reference
^64Cu	Fe3O4-polyaspartic acid	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	Imaging of tumor integrin expression	[26]
^64Cu	γ-Fe2O3-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	Biodistribution studies	[27]
^64Cu	Fe3O4-dopamine-human serum albumin	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	U87MG tumor imaging	[28]
^64Cu	Fe3O4-dextran	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	Cardiovascular plaque imaging	[29]
^64Cu	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid-Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	Tumor imaging in breast cancer models	[30]
^64Cu	Fe3O4-dextran	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	Activated macrophage detection in atherosclerotic plaques	[31]
^64Cu	Fe3O4-dextran	Chelate approach (DTCBP)	PET/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[32]
^64Cu	-dextran	Chelate approach (DTPA)	PET/MRI	Activated macrophage detection in atherosclerotic plaques	[33]
^64Cu	-dextran	Chelate approach (DTPA)	PET/MRI	Myeloid cell detection in cardiac allografts	[34]
^64Cu	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (NOTA)	PET/MRI	Combined targeted anticancer drug delivery and tumor imaging	[35]
^64Cu	Melanin-Fe-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (Melanin)	PET/MRI	Imaging of tumor integrin expression	[36]
^64Cu	Fe3O4-MoS2-polyethylene glycol	Chelate–free synthesis	PET/MRI	Combined photothermal therapy and imaging of tumors in breast cancer models	[37]
^68Ga	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate-free synthesis	PET/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[38]
^68Ga	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (NOTA)	PET/MRI	Tumor imaging of HT-29 xenografts	[39]
^68Ga	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (NOTA)	PET/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[40]
^68Ga	γ-Fe2O3-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid-b-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (NODA)	PET/MRI	Biodistribution studies	[41]
^68Ga	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (DOTA)	PET/MRI	PSMA-positive tumor imaging	[42]
^68Ga	γ-Fe2O3-dextran	Core-doping approach	PET/MRI	Imaging of tumor integrin expression	[23]
^18F	-dextran	Click chemistry (copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition)	PET/MRI	Biodistribution studies	[43]
^18F	Fe3O4-oleylamine branched polyacrylic acid	Chelate approach (NOTA)	PET/MRI	Biodistribution studies	[44]
^18F	-dextran	Click chemistry (copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition)	PET/MRI	Macrophage detection in aortic aneurysms	[45]
^124I	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Surface labeling	PET/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[46]
^124I	MnFe2O4-serum albumin	Surface labeling	PET/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[47]
^11C	Fe3O4-COOH	Surface labeling	PET/MRI	Biodistribution studies	[48]
^89Zr	Fe3O4-dextran	Chelate approach (DFO)	PET/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[49]
^69Ge	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Core-doping approach	SPECT/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[50]
	Fe3O4-dextran	Chelate approach (DPA)	SPECT/MRI	Biodistribution studies	[22]
	Fe3O4-dopamine-lactobionic acid	Chelate approach (DTPA)	SPECT/MRI	Liver imaging	[51]
	Fe3O4-polyethylene glycol	Chelate approach (pertechnetate)	SPECT/MRI	Lymph node imaging	[52]
^125I	Fe3O4-dextran	Chelate approach (CMD)	SPECT/MRI	Tumor imaging of breast cancer models	[53]