Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Burn Wound, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches (Conventional Antimicrobials and Nanoparticles)

Table 2

The advances of nanostructures for the treatment of MDR pathogens in burn wounds.

Nanoparticle	MDR pathogen	Effect	References
Liposome	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Increased drug concentration in infected tissues	[93–96]
	Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)	Enhanced antimicrobial activity	[97]
Solid lipid nanoparticle	Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)	Prolonged antibacterial activity	[98, 99]
Metallic nanoparticle	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Enhanced therapeutic profile	[100–102]
	Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)	Enhanced bactericidal activity	[103, 104]
	Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB)	Synergistic effects in combination with antibiotics	[105, 106]
Hydrogel	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Improved therapeutic profile of the encapsulated drug	[107]
Carbon quantum dot	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Photodynamic therapy	[108]
	Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	DNA and membrane damage caused by oxidative stress	[109]
	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Photothermal therapy	[110]
	Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli