Impact of Negative Fluid Balance on Mortality and Outcome of Patients with Confirmed COVID-19

Table 2

Association between minimal sufficient adjustment sets with the length of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients.

	Crude MD (95% CI)	value	Adjusted MD (95% CI)^†	value
Fluid balance	−0.73 (−1.45, −0.01)	0.046	−1.01 (−1.74, −0.28)	0.006
Prior heart failure	−1.87 (−4.21, 0.46)	0.117	−2.02 (−4.47, 0.41)	0.104
Critical illness	4.51 (2.61, 6.40)	<0.001	4.82 (2.84, 6.81)	<0.001
Chronic kidney disease	−1.93 (−6.10, 2.23)	0.362	−0.87 (−5.31, 3.57)	0.701
Gender	−0.40 (−2.25, 1.44)	0.669	−0.87 (−2.78, 1.02)	0.367
Age	0.01 (−0.04, 0.07)	0.525	0.02 (−0.03, 0.08)	0.399

^†Mean difference estimated directly from the mixed-effects linear model. The final multivariable models were adjusted for the aforementioned risk factors in the table. Fluid balance was categorized into four groups (group 4: −850 to −500 ml/day, group 3: −499 to −200 ml/day, group 2: −199 to 0 ml/day, and group 1 : 1 to 1000 ml/day (positive fluid balance)). Fluid balance was included ordinally in the model. Significant at value <0.05. The fluid balance and critical illness are significant (p value < 0.05).