Trends and Progress on Antibiotic-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genes in relation to Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Table 1

Mutations resulting in M. tuberculosis antimicrobial resistance [36, 57].

WHO category	Resistant genes	Anti-TB drug or drug class
First-line agents	rpoB	Rifampicin
	ponA1
	katG	Rifampicin
		Isoniazid
	inhA	Ethionamide
		Isoniazid
	oxyR-ahpC
	dfrA
	ahpC
	kasA
	furA-katG
	pncA	Pyrazinamide
	panD
	rpsA
	embCAB operon	Ethambutol
	ubiA
Group A	gyrA/B	Fluoroquinolones
	atpE	Bedaquiline
	pepQ
	Rev0778
	Rrl	Linezolid
	rplC
Group B	Rv0678	BRD-9327
	Rv0678	Clofazimine
	pepQ
	Rv1979
	Rv2535c
	ndh
	Ald	Cycloserine, terizidone
	alr
	ddl
	cycA
Group C	ddn	Delamanid, pretomanid
	fgd1
	fbiA/B/C
	crfA	Imipenem/cilastatin
	rrs	Streptomycin
	rpsl
	rrs
	gidB
Group C	ethA	Ethionamide, prothionamide
	ethR
	mshA
	ndh
	inhA
	folC	Para-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS)
	dfrA
	thyA/X
	ribD
Other medicines	Eis	Kanamycin
	tlyA	Capreomycin
	rrl	Aminoglycosides
	embB	Ethambutol