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Groups | Alterations | Reference |
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Bacteriome | Prevotella increased; Bacteroides, Akkermansia, Anaerovibrio, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium decreased in patients with HIV | [7, 28, 29] |
Haemophilus and Veillonella were enriched in patients recently infected with HIV-1 in their first 6 months | [28] |
Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus levels decreased in immunological ART responders compared with ART non-responders | [7] |
Desulfovibrionaceae and enterobacteriaceae were upregulated in HIV-infected individuals, lachnospiraceae and ruminococcaceae were downregulated | [3, 30–32] |
Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, and Roseburia levels decreased, whereas Escherichia was upregulated in HIV-infected patients | [33] |
|
Mycobiome | Debaryomyceshansenii, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis were the most abundant taxa in patients with HIV | [34, 35] |
Candida spp. are more prevalent in HIV-infected individuals with diarrhea and recent antibiotic treatment | [36] |
Aspergillus was the most abundant genus (49.92%) in the HIV-infected group | [37] |
|
Virome | HIV infection increase the abundance of adenoviruses | [3] |
Adenoviridae and Anelloviridae are significantly enriched in HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ T cell less than 200 cells/mL | [38] |
|
Metabolome | HIV infection decreases intestinal SCFA levels | [39] |
WG and VQ dipeptide levels were significantly higher in the HIV elite controllers | [40] |
Bile acids and bioactive lipids increased; vitamin D, terpenoids, and resolvin D1 decreased in the feces of HIV-infected patients with cognitive impairment | [41] |
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