Sero- and Feco-Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors among Adult Dyspeptic Patients Visiting the Outpatient Department of Adet Primary Hospital, Yilmana Densa District, Northwest Ethiopia

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of potential risk factors associated with H. pylori in Yilmana Densa district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022.

Variables	Positive for serology test (%)	Positive for stool antigen test (%)	Univariate logistic regression		Multivariate logistic regression
			COR (95% CI)	value	AOR (95% CI)	value
Gender
Male	145 (69)	123 (58.6)	2.02 (1.33–3.06)	0.001	1.89 (0.86–4.15)	0.111
Female	105 (54.4)	83 (43)	1		1
Age (year)
18–29	51 (56.7)	42 (46.7)	1		1
30–39	90 (65.2)	74 (53.6)	0.62 (0.33–1.17)	0.140	0.68 (0.23–2.02)	0.488
40–49	57 (60)	47 (49.5)	0.97 (0.54–1.76)	0.923	0.69 (0.20–2.35)	0.550
Above 50	52 (65)	43 (53.8)	0.78 (0.42–1.46)	0.438	1.61 (0.44–5.88)	0.469
Residence
Rural	206 (78)	175 (66.3)	9.97 (6.19–16.06)	<0.001	5.55 (2.34–13.14)	<0.001
Urban	44 (31.7)	31 (22.3)	1
Marital status
Married	145 (63.3)	122 (53.3)	1.41 (0.81–2.46)	0.226	1.28 (0.45–3.62)	0.641
Widowed	30 (62.5)	23 (47.9)	1.17 (0.55–2.49)	0.69	1.94 (0.50–7.45)	0.335
Divorced	36 (62.1)	32 (55.2)	1.33 (0.64–2.75)	0.441	1.04 (0.28–3.84)	0.955
Single	39 (57.4)	29 (42.6)	1		1
Monthly income (ETB)
Below 1000	60 (68.2)	53 (60.2)	1.58 (0.83–3.00)	0.161	0.95 (0.29–3.10)	0.932
1000–2500	142 (61.2)	117 (50.4)	1.09 (0.65–1.82)	0.757	0.99 (0.38–2.57)	0.977
Above 2500	48 (57.8)	36 (43.4)	1		1
Alcohol consumption
Yes	200 (71.7)	168 (60.2)	4.36 (2.78–6.83)	<0.001	12.34 (2.29–66.51)	0.003∗
No	50 (40.3)	38 (30.6)	1		1
Frequency of alcohol consumption
Once/week	27 (58.7)	23 (50)	1		1
1–3 times/week	77 (62.6)	60 (48.8)	0.71 (0.34–1.46)	0.35	1.27 (0.45–3.57)	0.648
>3 times/week	82 (74.5)	72 (65.5)	1.66 (0.76–3.60)	0.205	2.63 (0.86–8.06)	0.091
Tobacco smoking
Yes	30 (76.9)	23 (59)	2.26 (1.01–5.05)	0.048	3.09 (0.45–19.17)	0.225
No	220 (60.4)	183 (50.3)	1		1
Khat chewing
Yes	40 (70.2)	38 (66.7)	1.62 (0.87–3.05)	0.131	1.20 (0.40–3.62)	0.748
No	210 (60.7)	168 (48.6)	1		1
Coffee drinking
Yes	162 (63.8)	135 (53.1)	1.29 (0.85–1.96)	0.235	1.39 (0.64–3.04)	0.411
No	88 (59.1)	71 (47.7)	1		1
Raw milk consumption
Yes	144 (64.9)	120 (54.1)	1.43 (0.95–2.16)	0.085	1.29 (0.59–2.83)	0.529
No	106 (58.6)	86 (47.5)	1		1
Awareness on transmission of H. pylori
Yes	46 (46.9)	32 (32.7)	1		1
No	204 (66.9)	174 (57)	2.7 (1.69–4.31)	<0.001	4.76 (1.86–12.15)	0.001
Source of drinking water
Piped water	76 (42.9)	58 (32.8)	1		1
Spring water	55 (68.8)	47 (58.8)	3.69 (2.04–6.52)	<0.001	1.73 (0.63–4.73)	0.285
Pond/river	119 (81.5)	101 (69.2)	7.73 (4.46–13.39)	<0.001	5.22 (1.91–14.27)	0.001
Type of toilet facility
Improved latrine pit	53 (42.1)	43 (34.1)	1		1
Unimproved pit	56 (58.3)	44 (45.8)	1.85 (1.08–3.17)	0.026	1.14 (0.42–3.14)	0.794
Open field	141 (77.9)	119 (65.7)	5.05 (3.04–8.40)	<0.001	4.19 (1.67–10.52)	0.002
Habit of hand washing after toilet
Yes	19 (33.3)	17 (29.8)	1		1
No	231 (66.8)	189 (54.6)	4.65 (2.56–8.45)	<0.000	2.78 (0.91–8.48)	0.07
Share beds with siblings
Yes	228 (63.2)	188 (52.1)	0.66 (018 3−1.19)	0.154	2.78 (0.91–8.48)	0.072
No	22 (52.4)	18 (42.9)	1		1
Sanitary practice at home
Low	109 (73.6)	94 (63.5)	5.226 (3.067–8.904)	<0.001	1.59 (0.54–4.62)	0. 399
Medium	90 (68.7)	71 (54.2)	3.266 (1.947–5.479)	<0.001	1.34 (0.50–3.54)	0.561
High	51 (41.11)	41 (33.1)	1		1