Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes from Animal Foods to First- and Second-Line Drugs in the Treatment of Listeriosis from 2008 to 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Estimates and main statistics of the risk difference of antimicrobial resistance in Listeria monocytogenes by study location.

Study location	k	Risk difference		Heterogeneity
		Estimate (CI, 95%)	-value	Tau^2	-value	I^2 (%)
Africa	4	−0.04 (−0.09, 0.00)	0.07	<0.01	0.92	0
Asia	4	0.03 (−0.01, 0.06)	0.11	<0.01	0.28	22
Europe	8	−0.03 (−0.22, 0.16)	0.77	0.07	<0.01	96
North America	7	−0.25 (−0.37, −0.14)	<0.01	0.01	0.19	32
South America	6	0.09 (−0.06, 0.23)	0.24	0.03	<0.01	97