Pleiotropic Effects of Heparins: From Clinical Applications to Molecular Mechanisms in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Figure 2

Effects and effectors of heparin binding. Heparin binding has context-dependent roles in Growth Factor (GF) signaling, it might directly bind to Growth Factor Receptors (GFRs) or it might modulate signaling positively or negatively through binding to both GFs and GFRs (a). Heparin binding to GFs and GFRs are affected by several factors including sulfation status, the molecular weight of heparin and the concentrations of both heparin and the GFs (b).

(a)

(b)