Determination of Cutoff Values for the Screening of Osteosarcopenia in Obese Postmenopausal Women

Table 1

Characteristic differences between OSO, OO, SO, OB, and NR participants (n = 141).

Variables	Osteosarcopenic obese (OSO, n = 8, 5.7%)	Osteopenic obese (OO, n = 6, 4.3%)	Sarcopenic obese (SO, n = 24, 17.0%)	Obese-only (OB, n = 82, 58.2%)	Normal (NR, n = 7, 5.0%)	value
Age (years)	67.4 (8.4)	57.0 (4.1)	61.7 (9.5)	59.2 (6.7)^+	55.0 (IQR 14.0)	0.031
Years since menopause (years)	10.5 (6.6)	6.2 (3.8)	10.0 (IQR 18.0)	7.0 (IQR 9.0)	12.00 (8.8)	0.262
Height (cm)	145.3 (6.0)	154.9 (3.0)^+	151.2 (5.2)	153.7 (5.9)^+	156.5 (IQR 6.5)^δ	0.0001
Weight (kg)	50.1 (5.7)	70.9 (10.8)^+	54.8 (6.4)^β	69.5 (IQR 11.4)^δ	53.5 (3.0)^β	0.0001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.8 (2.9)^ƚ	29.6 (4.4)	24.0 (2.9)^ƚ	29.1 (IQR 5.0)^δ	21.1 (0.7)^β,ƒ	0.0001
WC (cm)	74.9 (5.8)	86.7 (6.8)	78.4 (8.3)^ƚ	88.7 (IQR 13.0)^δ	73.6 (3.9)^ƚ	0.0001
Body fat mass (kg)	19.6 (4.4)	32.0 (7.4)^δ	22.6 (5.0)^β	30.4 (IQR 9.5)^δ	14.8 (2.6)^β	0.0001
BFP (%)	38.7 (4.9)	44.9 (4.7)	40.8 (4.7)	43.7 (5.8)	27.5 (4.2)^β, δ	0.0001
Trunk fat (%)	39.6 (5.2)	45.5 (3.4)	41.4 (4.7)	44.5 (IQR 7.3)	27.8 (4.4)^β, δ	0.0001
FFMI (kg/m^2)	14.5 (0.8)^ƚ	16.2 (1.9)	14.1 (0.9)^ƚ	16.2 (IQR 1.7)^δ	15.3 (1.0)	0.0001
SMMI (kg/m^2)	7.5 (0.5)^ƚ	8.1 (IQR 2.4)^δ	7.4 (0.5)^ƚ	8.7 (IQR 1.1)^δ	8.3 (0.6)^ƒ	0.0001
Appendicular SMMI (kg/m^2)	5.1 (0.5)	6.1 (IQR 1.4)^δ	5.3 (IQR 0.4)^ƚ	6.5 (IQR 0.8)^δ	6.5 (IQR 0.7)^δ	0.0001
HGS (kg)	17.3 (3.5)	19.2 (2.6)	18.2 (4.6)	20.3 (4.9)	26.4 (4.6)^β, δ	0.001
Sit-to-stand test in 30 sec (times)	11.0 (IQR 3.0)	12.7 (4.6)	11.7 (3.1)	11.8 (4.0)	12.4 (2.8)	0.974
Gait speed (m/s)	0.9 (0.3)	0.9 (0.2)	0.9 (0.3)	0.9 (IQR 0.4)	0.9 (0.2)	0.855
Balance (sec)	13.6 (12.5)	18.7 (8.3)	14.5 (IQR 21.0)	25.0 (IQR 17.0)	30.0 (IQR 7.0)	0.046

All results are presented in mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated. Interquartile range (IQR) is presented with median. Fourteen participants (n = 14, 10%) are normal weight with either sarcopenic or osteopenic/osteoporotic. AppSMMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; BMI: body mass index; BFP: body fat percent; FFMI: fat-free mass index; HGS: handgrip strength; SMMI: skeletal muscle mass index; WC: waist circumference; OSO: T-score ≤ −2.5, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index ≤ 5.7 kg/m², and body fat percent ≥ 32%; OO: T-score ≤ −2.5, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index > 5.7 kg/m², and body fat percent ≥ 32%; SO: T-score > −2.5, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index ≤ 5.7 kg/m², and body fat percent ≥ 32%; normal: nonobese (percent body fat < 32%), nonsarcopenic (appSMMI > 5.7 kg/m²), and nonosteopenic/osteoporotic (T-score > −2.5). Analyzed using one-way ANOVA, with Tukey HSD post hoc test. Analyzed using one-way ANOVA (Welch test) with Games–Howell post hoc test due to the violation of the homogeneity of variances assumptions (Levene statistic value < 0.05). ⁺Different from OSO. ^δDifferent from SO and OSO. ^βDifferent from obese-only and OO. ^ƚDifferent from obese-only. ^ƒDifferent from SO. Normality tested using Shapiro–Wilks test: value > 0.05 is normally distributed.