Gender Differences between Multimorbidity and All-Cause Mortality among Older Adults

Table 4

Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all-cause mortality according to combinations of two and three chronic diseases by sex (SABE study, municipality of São Paulo, 2000).

Combinations of diseases	By sex
	Females		Males
Two diseases^a	HR	(95% CI)	HR	(95% CI)
HT-MSDs	1.36	1.01–1.82	1.15	0.77, 1.71
One of two	1.42	1.16–1.74	1.21	0.98–1.49
HT-CD	2.05	1.52, 2.78	1.44	0.98, 2.10
One of two	1.30	1.07, 1.59	1.06	0.83, 1.35
HT-DM	1.82	1.36, 2.44	1.58	1.09, 2.30
One of two	1.40	1.14, 1.70	1.07	0.86, 1.36
HT-MD	1.53	1.09, 2.13	1.04	0.82, 1.32
One of two	1.41	1.17, 1.70	0.85	0.53, 1.37
CD-MSDs	1.48	1.10, 1.98	1.59	1.06, 2.38
One of two	1.09	0.90, 1.34	1.43	1.09, 1.89
Three diseases^a
HT-CD-MSDs	2.26	1.55, 3.30	1.49	0.83, 2.67
Two of three	1.41	1.06, 1.87	1.41	1.00, 2.01
One of three	1.48	1.19, 1.83	1.19	0.96, 1.47
HT-MSDs-DM	1.48	0.99, 2.20	2.36	1.24, 4.48
Two of three	1.70	1.30, 2.20	1.41	1.01, 1.98
One of three	1.34	1.08, 1.67	1.18	0.96, 1.46
HT-MSDs-MD	1.42	0.84, 2.39	1.88	0.74, 4.79
Two of three	1.47	1.13, 1.91	1.03	0.71, 1.50
One of three	1.49	1.21, 1.82	1.19	0.94, 1.51
HT-CD-DM	2.46	1.53, 3.95	2.53	1.37, 4.66
Two of three	1.91	1.45, 2.52	1.39	1.02, 1.89
One of three	1.27	1.06, 1.53	1.18	0.93, 1.50
HT-CD-MD	2.11	1.20, 3.72	1.72	0.78, 3.76
Two of three	1.83	1.39, 2.41	1.13	0.81, 1.59
One of three	1.37	1.15, 1.64	1.07	0.83, 1.38

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models adjusted by age, education, marital status, living arrangement, self-rated health, visual impairment, and mini-mental score. ^aReferent: no disease. HT: hypertension; MSDS: musculoskeletal disorders; CD: cardiovascular diseases; DM: diabetes mellitus; MD: mental disorders; RD: respiratory diseases.