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| Author | Year | Title | Comments |
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| Elder orphan |
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| Soniat B. & Pollack M. | 1994 | “Elderly Orphans with Alzheimer’s Disease: Non-Traditional Support Systems” | Describes differences between a functional family system and an informal support network providing assistance to an “elderly orphan” |
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| Sherer R. A. | 2004 | “Who Will Care for Elder Orphans?” | Geriatric Times article describing a growing population and a bill to expand medical training programs |
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| Unbefriended elderly |
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| Gillick M. R. | 1994 | “Medical Decision-Making for the Un-Befriended Nursing Home Resident” | Reviews pathways of addressing decision-making in nursing home residents without decision-making capacity or surrogates, such as use of ethics committees |
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| Freeman I. C. | 1995 | “One More Faulty Solution Is Novelty without Progress: A Reply to “Medical Decision-Making for the Un-Befriended Nursing Home Resident”” | Refutes the idea that a simple, less cumbersome process is needed for nursing home residents without decision-making capacity or surrogates |
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| Teaster P. B. | 2002 | “The Wards of Public Guardians: Voices of the Unbefriended” | Through qualitative data collection and analysis, this study explores the interaction between adult public guardianship wards and their public guardians, including ward satisfaction and perceptions, guardian responsiveness, and investigation of the guardian-ward relationship |
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| Karp N. & Wood E. | 2004 | “Incapacitated and Alone: Healthcare Decision-Making for Unbefriended Older People” | Synopsis of a 2003 American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging report. This report found limited existing studies on the unbefriended elderly; however, available estimated data was compelling enough for the Commission to issue recommendations to ensure the ethical treatment of the unbefriended elderly |
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| Pope T. M. & Sellers T. | 2011 | “Legal Briefing: The Unbefriended: Making Healthcare Decisions for Patients without Surrogates” | Overview of legal developments in medical decision-making for the unbefriended elderly, including an outline of the problems involved in this type of medical decision-making and a selection of potential solutions |
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| Johnstone M.-J. | 2014 | “Caring about the Unbefriended Elderly” | A presentation of the shortcomings of interventions for the elderly when the individual is an unbefriended elder and a call for nurses to identify and advocate for this vulnerable group of patients |
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| Patients without surrogates |
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| Meier D. E. | 1997 | “Voiceless and Vulnerable: Dementia Patients without Surrogates in an Era of Capitation” | Describes how the growth of a dementia population will add to the dilemma of difficulties of complex health-care decision-making and the increase in fiscal pressures by health-care environments while advocating for caution of undertreatment of the most vulnerable |
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| Miller T. E., Coleman C. H., & Cugliari A. M. | 1997 | “Treatment Decisions for Patients without Surrogates: Rethinking Policies for a Vulnerable Population” | Provides an outline of the laws and policies surrounding decision-making for incapacitated individuals without surrogates, discusses the substitutes used by state governments that exist, and provides a model for healthcare to assist these special needs populations |
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| Chichin E. R. | 2004 | “Ethics and the Elderly” | Addresses health-care decision-making with elderly and uses case examples to explore situations |
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| Crampton A. | 2004 | “The Importance of Adult Guardianship for Social Work Practice” | This article reviews the guardianship decision-making process and how social workers can have a role in promoting social justice through this process |
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| Frank C. | 2005 | “Surrogate Decision-Making for “Friendless” Patients” | This article reviews surrogate decision-making and explores how and why alternative means of substituted decision-making must be found |
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| Quinn M. J. | 2005 | Guardianships of Adults | Describes the history and institution of guardianship, provides alternatives to guardianship, explains the criteria for guardianship, and describes the court process and court monitoring of guardianships for community health and social service practitioners |
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| Siegel M. D. | 2006 | “Alone at Life’s End: Trying to Protect the Autonomy of Patients without Surrogates or Decision-Making Capacity” | Comments on White D. B. article in Critical Care Medicine 2006 exploring decision-making on critically ill individuals without surrogates and highlights the need for more attention on this vulnerable group |
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| Castillo L. S., Williams B. A., Hooper S. M., & others | 2011 | “Lost in Translation: The Unintended Consequences of Advance Directive Law on Clinical Care” | Describes potential negative clinical impact of advance directive laws on all patients and particularly on vulnerable populations |
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| Pope T. M. | 2013 | “Making Medical Decisions for Patients without Surrogates” | Describes this marginalized, vulnerable population and addresses the need to focus attention on prevention of being without a surrogate |
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| Vulnerable elderly |
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| Morris J. N. & Sherwood S. | 1983 | “Informal Support Resources for Vulnerable Elderly Persons: Can They Be Counted on, Why Do They Work?” | The issue of informal support system resiliency is analyzed for approximately 700 vulnerable elderly persons in a variety of communities |
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| Auerbach M., Taylor M., & Marosy J. | 1985 | “Home Care Challenge: Care of the Vulnerable Elderly” | Early describer of provision of care to an at-risk population in the home |
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| Davidson B. | 1985 | “Vulnerable Elderly in Acute Care Settings: A Developing Model” | Early describer of creation of a new model of care focusing on an at-risk population |
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| Thomas B. L. | 1994 | “Research Considerations: Guardianship and the Vulnerable Elderly” | Challenges inherent assumptions in guardianship protocol and calls for more research into risks and benefits of guardianship assignment and decisions |
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| Shapiro E. | 1998 | “Market Forces and Vulnerable Elderly People: Who Cares?” | An editorial calling for the need of regulations and quality control to protect vulnerable elders from cost containment initiatives |
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| Billipp S. H. | 2001 | “The Psychosocial Impact of Interactive Computer Use within a Vulnerable Elderly Population: A Report on a Randomized Prospective Trial in a Home Health Care Setting” | Compared weekly nurse visits with nurse and interactive computer use and found that interactive computer use could be an added and more beneficial resource for isolated, vulnerable older adults in the community to minimize |
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| Grundy E. | 2006 | “Ageing and Vulnerable Elderly People: European Perspectives” | Describes the processes and circumstances that create vulnerability among older people, specifically to a very poor quality of life or an untimely or degrading death. Policy initiatives describe that aim to reduce vulnerability by focusing on each part of the dynamic process that creates vulnerability, namely, ensuring that people reach later life with “reserve,” reducing the challenges they face in later life, and providing adequate compensatory supports |
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| Rollins J. N. | 2006 | “Office-Based Intervention Improves Vulnerable Elderly Care” | Describes quality improvement initiative focusing on vulnerable older adults |
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| Cumbler E., Carter J., & Kutner J. | 2008 | “Failure at the Transition of Care: Challenges in the Discharge of the Vulnerable Elderly Patient” | Describes the challenges facing individuals with limited social support for smooth transitions of care |
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| Franzini L. & Dyer C. B. | 2008 | “Healthcare Costs and Utilization of Vulnerable Elderly People Reported to Adult Protective Services for Self-Neglect” | Describes a study that demonstrates the same or potentially less cost to a health-care system by referral of self-neglectors to APS and a geriatric health-care team, demonstrates that costs are not higher, and theorizes that costs may be even less because preventive efforts are initiated to provide support before a medical crisis occurs |
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| Morley J. E. | 2008 | “Caring for the Vulnerable Elderly: Are Available Quality Indicators Appropriate?” | Explores and questions appropriateness of ACOVE-3 guidelines |
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| Rosenberg J. A. | 2009 | “Poverty, Guardianship, and the Vulnerable Elderly: Human Narrative and Statistical Patterns in a Snapshot of Adult Guardianship Cases in New York City” | Explores guardianship, explains demographics such as gender, race, socioeconomic, and housing characteristic association with risk for need of guardianship (e.g., women living alone are more likely to be in need), and uses cases to describe |
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| Day M. R., Bantry-White E., & Glavin P. | 2010 | “Protection of Vulnerable Adults: An Interdisciplinary Workshop” | Provided an interdisciplinary shared learning experience for the students to prepare them for their critical role in safeguarding vulnerable adults. The aim of the workshop was to increase knowledge, awareness, and understanding of roles and responsibilities and critical practice problems in the prevention and management of elder abuse and self-neglect |
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| Harrington P., Preston J., Savattone D., & Volk-Craft B. | 2010 | “Establishing Healthcare-Related Legal Options for the Vulnerable Patient” | Explores legal options for individuals with no surrogate and having no decision-making capacity |
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| Shaffer S. L. & Day H. D. | 2010 | “Systematic Outpatient Screening for the Elderly: Care of the Vulnerable Elderly Practice Improvement Module to Assess Resident Care of Older Adults” | Describes a practice improvement project to screen for vulnerable elderly geriatric needs including surrogate decision-maker; a potential model to identify those aging alone |
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| van Hout H. P., Jansen A. P., van Marwijk H. W., & others | 2010 | “Prevention of Adverse Health Trajectories in a Vulnerable Elderly Population through Nurse Home Visits” | Studied the effect of a preventative home care nursing visit program but failed to decrease hospital admissions |
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| Glasper A. | 2013 | “Improving Health Care for the Vulnerable Elderly in Society” | Explores how a department of health can improve healthcare for the vulnerable elderly |
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