Validation of Geriatric Care Environment Scale in Portuguese Nurses

Table 1

Steps in translation and cultural adaptation.

Step	Activities
(I) Preparation	Permission obtained from the NICHE Benchmarking Service in July 2010. The NICHE research team was invited and involved in this process and helped to clarify any ambiguities and concepts. The adviser of the University of Aveiro supervised the researcher and assisted in the execution of the nine steps. Three experts in geriatric care from Portugal worked closely during the translation process.
(II) Forward translations	Two English translators did independent translations.
(III) Reconciliation	The adviser and one translator analyzed the two translations to define a single forward translation.
(IV) Back translation	An English translator translated the Portuguese version into English.
(V) Back translation review	The questionnaire was reviewed by the adviser and translated to ensure the conceptual equivalence of the translation. The discrepancies were discussed with NYU faculty from the NICHE Benchmarking Service, the adviser and the expert.
(VI) Harmonization	The researchers and the translators shared and defined translation solutions to item discrepancies. The experts reviewed the solutions.
(VII) Cognitive debriefing	The Portuguese translation was tested with 30 RNs from Portuguese hospitals that showed no difficulty in understanding the items in the GIAP.
(VIII) Review of cognitive debriefing results and finalization	The researcher reviewed the results and respondents suggested a few modifications to some words. The researchers and experts agreed with the changes and the translation was finished.
(IX) Proofreading	At the end of the translation, a Portuguese language professor reviewed the Portuguese survey to correct any minor errors in the translation process.