Social Determinants of Active Aging: Differences in Mortality and the Loss of Healthy Life between Different Income Levels among Older Japanese in the AGES Cohort Study
Table 5
Comparison between previous studies (HR for mortality, adjusted for age or demographic variables only).
Participants
Source of
Men
Women
income data
Percentile
Hazard ratio
95% CI
Percentile
Hazard ratio
95% CI
The present study
65+
Government data
0–23.5*
1.00
0–3.3*
1.00
(Japan)
78.7–99.6
1.53
1.28–1.82
70.1–99.6
1.54
0.97–2.45
Osler
20+
Government data
0–25*
1.00
0–25*
1.00
(Denmark)
75–100
1.92
1.69–2.17
75–100
1.64
1.47–1.85
Manor**
45–69
Government data
0–25*
1.00
(Israel)
75–100
1.61
1.45–1.79
Bassuk***
65+
Interview survey
0–14.7*
1.00
0–5.9*
1.00
(USA)
(response rate 82%)
74.6–100
1.72
1.20–2.48
49.0–100
2.13
1.34–3.38
Martikainen
30+
Government data
0–10*
1.00
0–10*
1.00
(Finland)
80–90
2.02
1.96–2.08
70–80
1.47
1.42–1.53
80–90
1.51
1.46–1.57
*Reference.
**Men only.
***Population of Connecticut (relatively similar in reference group percentile).