Recent Visual Decline—A Health Hazard with Consequences for Social Life: A Study of Home Care Clients in 12 Countries
Table 2
Characteristics of patients in the AdHOC study in relation to self-reported vision; adequate vision (AV), stable visual impairment , and recent visual decline (percentage of cases unless otherwise stated). values indicate differences between the groups.
All
AV
SVI
RVD
OR/SE diff.
AV vs. SV
AV vs. RVD
SVI vs. RVD
(95% CI) SVI vs. RVD
Overall number (%)
3793(100)
2205(58.1)
907(23.9)
681(18.0)
Demographic variables age (year)
Mean (SD) min.-max. 65.1–104.5
82.3 (7.3)
81.5 (7.3)
83.5 (7.5)
83.2 (7.2)
.0001
.0001
.390
0.37 (0.4–0.7)
75
17.4
66.5
19.4
14.1
.0001
.0001
.795
1.0 (0.7–1.3)
75–84
43.8
60.3
22.2
17.5
.014
.221
.388
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
85
38.9
52.0
27.9
20.1
.0001
.0001
.500
0.9 (0.8–1.1)
Female gender
74.2
57.5
23.4
19.1
.699
.04
.005
1.4 (1.1–1.8)
Lives alone
61.6
60.2
20.5
19.3
.0001
.259
.0001
1.8 (1.4–2.2)
Physical functioning
Hearing impairment
37.1
43.9
32.3
23.8
.0001
.0001
.701
1.0 (0.8–1.2)
AD loss Hierarchy Scale (0–6)
Mean (SD) min.-max. (0–4)
0.6 (1.2)
0.5 (1.0)
1.1 (1.4)
0.4 (1.0)
.0001
.088
.0001
0.06 (0.6–0.8)
ADL Hierarchy Scale (score 0)
27.2
46.8
39.7
13.6
.0001
.0001
.0001
0.5 (0.4–0.6)
IAD loss Involvement Scale (0–21)
Mean (SD) min.-max. (0–21)
5.1 (2.9)
4.5 (2.7)
6.3 (3.0)
5.5 (3.0)
.0001
.0001
.0001
0.15 (0.5–1.1)
IADL Involvement Scale (score 5)
58.3
49.8
30.5
19.6
.0001
.0001
.0001
0.6 (0.5–0.7)
Mental functioning
Cognitive Performance Scale CPS (0–6)
Mean (SD) min.-max. (0–5)
1.0 (1.4)
0.8 (1.3)
1.6 (1.7)
1.0 (1.4)
.0001
.0001
.0001
0.08 (0.4–0.7)
Cognitive impairment CPS scale 1
45.8
49.4
31.0
19.6
.0001
.0001
.0001
0.7 (0.6–0.8)
Change in cognition within 90 dd
6.4
43.4
38.1
18.4
.0001
.0001
.011
0.6 (0.4–0.9)
Depression Scale, DRS Scale (0–14)
Mean (SD) min.-max. (0–14)
1.1 (2.0)
0.9 (1.8)
1.3 (2.1)
1.5 (2.4)
.0001
.0001
.014
0.11 (0.5–0.1)
Depression symptoms (DRS scale 3)
16.1
46.5
27.3
26.2
.0001
.0001
.013
1.4 (1.1–1.7)
Mood decline within 90 dd
11.5
47.5
25.3
27.2
.019
.0001
.003
1.5 (1.1–2.0)
Social functioning
Withdrawal from activities
14.4
46.7
24.6
28.6
.012
.0001
.0001
1.7 (1.3–2.2)
Reduced social interactions
20.6
50.7
25.7
23.6
.007
.0001
.021
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
Social activity, changed
34.7
53.0
20.6
26.3
.349
.0001
.0001
2.4 (2.0–3.0)
Feelings of loneliness
21.3
52.0
20.2
27.8
.484
.0001
.0001
2.3 (1.8–2.8)
Conditions
Dizziness
23.5
53.6
18.6
27.8
.035
.0001
.0001
2.6 (2.0–3.2)
Unsteady gait
62.2
54.1
25.3
20.6
.0001
.0001
.025
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
Limits on going outdoors
47.6
50.8
26.4
22.8
.0001
.0001
.002
1.4 (1.1–1.7)
Falls Mean (SD) min.-max. (0–12)
0.6 (1.4)
0.5 (1.3)
0.7 (1.6)
0.7 (1.5)
.010
.0001
.410
0.08 (.2–0.1)
Any falls within 90 dd
25.7
50.5
26.3
23.3
.0001
.0001
.029
1.3 (1.0–1.6)
Experienced health
Poor experienced health
30.5
51.0
23.8
25.2
.044
.0001
.0001
1.7 (1.4–2.1)
Medications
Mean (SD) min.-max. (0–20)
5.4 (2.9)
5.3 (2.9)
5.3 (2.9)
6.1 (2.6)
.614
.0001
.0001
0.14 (1.2–0.6)
Polypharmacy (5 daily)
62.4
55.9
23.3
20.8
.715
.0001
.0001
1.7 (1.4–2.1)
Use of services
Informal caregiver
70.3
54.7
26.2
19.2
.0001
.0001
.374
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
Any personal services
68.9
56.3
25.4
18.3
.0001
.077
.190
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
Homemaking help
47.3
60.5
20.3
19.2
.0001
.565
.0001
1.5 (1.2–1.9)
Occupational therapy
2.4
57.1
23.1
19.8
.943
.673
.676
1.1 (0.6–2.2)
Emergency services at home
5.5
49.5
23.6
26.9
.390
.0001
.025
1.6 (1.1–2.3)
Hospital episodes, over nights
13.6
50.7
29.7
19.6
.0001
.039
.273
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
Hospital episodes, days
5.0
51.6
20.0
28.4
.752
.0001
.002
2.0 (1.3–3.0)
Increase in care needs within 90 dd
6.3
55.9
25.2
18.9
.540
.585
1.0
1.0 (0.7–1.5)
Cataract
20.0
45.8
19.0
35.2
.923
.0001
.0001
3.4 (2.7–4.3)
Glaucoma
7.7
49.7
19.9
30.5
.852
.0001
.0001
2.2 (1.6–3.1)
VI = impaired vision not changed through the last 90 days, VD = vision declined through the last 90 days, DL = activities of daily living, and ADL = Instrumental activities of daily living.
