Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Preserves Muscle Size and Quality and Maintains Systemic Levels of Signaling Mediators of Muscle Growth and Inflammation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Table 3

Changes in muscle echogenicity and thickness of rectus femoris muscle at Day 7 from baseline.

	Control	NMES	Differential response
Echogenicity
Baseline	63.9 (12.6)	64.7 (9.2)
Change	29.9 (2.1)	3.0 (1.2)
Delta unadjusted	26.9 [21.98; 31.78]
Delta adjusted for baseline	26.7 [21.51; 31.82]
Thickness
Baseline	4.23 (0.91)	4.36 (0.68)
Change	−0.79 (0.12)	−0.01 (0.06)
Delta unadjusted	−0.78 [−1.05; −0.51]
Delta adjusted for baseline	−0.80 [−1.06; −0.55]

Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation). Change and delta are expressed as mean difference [95% confidence interval]. Control: control group; NMES: neuromuscular electrical stimulation group. Data were assessed by non-paired t-student test and changes in muscle echogenicity and thickness from baseline to Day 7 were assessed using unadjusted and adjusted regression analysis.