Knowledge, Attitude, and Associated Factors towards Nonpharmacological Pain Management among Nurses Working at Amhara Region Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Ethiopia

Table 5

Factors associated with nurses’ knowledge regarding nonpharmacological pain management among nurses working at Amhara region Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Ethiopia, in 2021 (N = 775).

Variables	Category	Knowledge		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	value
		Adequate	Inadequate
Age (years)	<31	208	247	1	1
	>31	212	108	2.33 (1.73, 3.13)	1.42 (0.95, 2.14)	0.084
Sex	Male	118	144	1.18 (0.89, 1.58)	1.37 (0.95, 1.97)	0.088
	Female	232	211	1	1
Monthly income (ETB)	<5358	123	219	1	1
	5358–6193	64	46	2.47 (1.59 3.84)	0.78 (0.41, 1.45)	0.433
	6193–7071	100	51	3.49 (2.33, 5.22)	0.57 (0.29, 1.13)	0.112
	7071–8017	85	28	5.40 (3.34, 8.74)	1.85 (0.95, 3.58)	0.068
	>8017	48	11	7.76 (3.89, 15.51)	1.08 (0.39, 2.99)	0.870
Educational qualification	Diploma	63	162	1	1
	BSc	284	178	4.10 (2.92, 5.79)	2.86 (1.80, 4.56)	<0.001
	MSc	73	15	12.51 (6.68, 23.43)	3.51 (1.37, 8.99)	0.009
Years of experience	<1 year	35	105	1	1
	1–3 years	57	87	1.96 (1.18, 3.26)	2.19 (1.20, 4.00)	0.010
	3–5 years	76	57	4.00 (2.39, 6.68)	3.99 (2.05, 7.79)	<0.001
	>5 years	252	106	7.13 (4.57, 11.12)	5.59 (2.86, 10.94)	<0.001
Education on NPPM	Yes	263	194	1.39 (1.04, 1.85)	1.11 (0.77, 1.59)	0.564
	No	157	161	1	1
Need to have education on NPPM	Yes	321	257	1.23 (0.89, 1.70)	1.31 (0.86, 2.02)	0.205
	No	99	98	1	1
Working unit	Pediatrics	61	85	1	1
	Oncology	8	6	1.86 (0.80, 7.85)	2.08 (0.50, 8.71)	0.312
	OPD	64	87	1.02 (0.64, 1.62)	1.41 (0.80, 2.47)	0.227
	Emergency	63	27	3.25 (1.86, 5.68)	5.10 (2.57, 10.11)	<0.001
	OR	38	38	1.39 (0.79, 2.43)	1.18 (0.61, 2.29)	0.614
	Orthopedic	26	12	3.01 (1.41, 6.44)	5.61 (2.25, 13.96)	<0.001
	Recovery	23	9	3.56 (1.54, 8.23)	2.05 (0.76, 5.57)	0.156
	ICU	43	15	3.99 (2.03, 7.83)	3.06 (1.38, 6.77)	0.006
	Medical	55	62	1.23 (0.75, 2.01)	1.41 (0.77, 2.58)	0.252
	Surgical	38	15	3.53 (1.78, 6.98)	5.29 (2.32, 12.05)	<0.001
Nurse-to-patient ratio	1 : 4	175	61	3.17 (2.19, 4.58)	2.33 (1.44, 3.78)	0.001
	1 : 6	52	47	1.22 (0.77, 1.92)	1.05 (0.60, 1.84)	0.857
	1 : 8	51	90	0.62 (0.41, 0.94)	0.38 (0.22, 0.64)	<0.001
	Undetermined	142	157	1	1
Presence of workload	Yes	248	276	0.41 (0.30, 0.56)	0.63 (0.42, 0.972)	0.036
	No	172	79	1	1
Lack of evidence	Yes	186	214	0.52 (0.39, 0.69)	0.835 (0.57, 1.20)	0.335
	No	234	141	1	1
Working hours per day	8 hours	252	179	2.19 (1.46, 3.28)	2.15 (1.27, 3.62)	0.004
	8–12 hours	118	98	1.87 (1.20, 2.93)	2.09 (1.18, 3.70)	0.011
	>12 hours	50	78	1	1
Ever used NPPM?	Yes	346	275	1.36 (0.95, 1.93)	1.24 (0.79, 1.93)	0.336
	No	74	80	1	1
On-the-job training?	Yes	132	88	1.391 (1.01, 1.90)	0.98 (0.64, 1.49)	0.945
	No	288	267	1	1

Note. Statistical significance: value <0.05.