Risk Factors for Development of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Table 1

Description of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.

First author, year	Setting/country	Study design/number of centers	Years of enrollment	Total sample, % men	AKI definition	Incidence of AKI in the study	Severity of disease score, mean standard deviation (SD)
Hilberman 1979 [43]	Surgical-Cardiac/USA	PC/1	1977-1978	226/NR	Need for RRT of peritoneal dialysis or BUN > 70 mg/dL or GFR < 30 mL/min/m^2	14.6%	NR
Wilkins and Faragher 1983 [53]	Mixed/UK	HC/1	1976–1979	475/51	Creatinine > 180 𝜇mol/L and; BUN > 8 mmol/L for >24 h	23%	NR
Corwin 1989 [37]	Surgical-Cardiac/USA	CC/1	1985	84/NR	↓ Creatinine 50% of baseline	N/A	NR
Boucher 1990 [32]	Surgical-Trauma/USA	CC/1	1988-1989	184/76	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.5 mg/dL from baseline or ↑ creatinine > 50% baseline	N/A	ISS (28±13)
Groeneveld 1991 [42]	Medical/Netherlands	HC/1	1986-1987	487/52	↑ Creatinine ≥ 3.2 mg/dL or ↑ creatinine more than 2 times the baseline	16%	NR
Tran 1994 [51]	Surgical-Trauma/Netherlands	HC/1	1985–1989	206/73	↑ Creatinine ≥ 3.2 mg/dL or ↑ creatinine more than 2 times the baseline	15%	ISS (39±17.6)
Zanardo 1994 [54]	Surgical-Cardiac/Italy	PC/1	1989–1999	734/68	↑ Creatinine ≥ 2.5 mg/dL	3.7%	NR
Ward 1996 [52]	Medical/USA	HC/1	NR	102/53	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.5 mg/dL from baseline	17.6%	APACHE II; (18.7±1.8)
Vivino 1998 [5]	Surgical-Trauma/Italy	PC/1	1991–1994	153/80	↑ Creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL or ↑ creatinine > 20% of baseline	31%	ISS (28.1±11)
Mangano 1998 [48]	Surgical-Cardiac/USA	PC/24	1991–1993	2,222/76	↑ Creatinine > 177 𝜇mol/L or ↑ creatinine > 62 𝜇mol/L from baseline or need for RRT	7.7%	NR
Conlon 1999 [36]	Surgical-Cardiac/USA	PC/1	1995–1997	2,672/64	↑ Creatinine ≥ 1 mg/dL from baseline	8%	NR
De Mendonça 2000 [4]	Mixed/16 countries	PC/40	May 1995	1411/NR	↑ Creatinine ≥ 3.5 mg/dL and/or urine output < 500 mL/24 hours	24.7%	NR
Ficher 2002 [40]	Surgical-Cardiac/Germany	CC/1	1999-2000	143/73	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.5 mg/dL from baseline or RRT	N/A	NR
Clermont 2002 [35]	Mixed/USA	PC/1	NR	1530/NR	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.5 mg/dL if baseline ≤ 1.9 mg/dL, or ↑ creatinine ≥ 1 mg/dL if baseline ≥ 2 to ≤ 4.9 mg/dL, or ↑ creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL if baseline ≥ 5 mg/dL	17.2%	APACHE III; (64±31.8)
Bove 2004 [33]	Surgical-Cardiac/Italy	PC/1	1998–2002	5,068/67	↑ Creatinine ≥ 100% from baseline	3.4%	NR
Bahar 2005 [30]	Surgical-Cardiac/Turkey	HC/1	1991–2001	14,437	↑ Creatinine ≥ 100% from baseline 24 hours after surgery or sustained urine output < 20 mL/hour	1.2%	NR
Chawla 2005 [34]	Mixed/USA	PC/1	2002-2003	194/53	↑ Creatinine > 75% from baseline if creatinine ≤ 2 mg/dL or ↑ creatinine > 50% from baseline if creatinine > 2 mg/dL	18%	APACHE II; (12.5±5.6)
Loef 2005 [46]	Surgical-Cardiac/Netherlands	HC/1	1991	843/73	↑ Creatinine ≥ 25% of baseline creatinine during first week after surgery	17.2%	NR
Mataloun 2006 [49]	Mixed, Brazil	PC/1	1999-2000	221/46	↑ Creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL	19%	APACHE II; (15.2±7.7)
Hoste 2006 [6]	Mixed/USA	HC/1	2000-2001	5,383/51	RIFLE	67%	APACHE III; Median (IQR); (56, 41–73)
Landoni 2007 [45]	Surgical-Cardiac/Italy	PC/1	1998–2003	3,103/84	↑ Creatinine > 100% from baseline	2.2%	NR
Barrantes 2008 [31]	Medical/USA	HC/1	2005	381/57	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% from baseline and/or an episode of < 0.5 mL/Kg/hr urine output for > 6 hours despite fluid challenge of ≥ 500 mL of normal saline	31.5%	APACHE II; (15±5.85)
Bagshaw 2008 [28]	Mixed/Australia and New Zealand	HC/57	2000–2005	120,123/59	RIFLE (only cases in first 24 hours of admission), modified urine output criteria	36%	APACHE II; (16.9±7.7)
Bagshaw 2008 [29]	Surgical-Trauma/Australia and New Zealand	HC/57	2000–2005	9,449/70	RIFLE (only cases in first 24 hours of admission), modified urine output criteria	18.1%	APACHE II; (17.5±7.6)
Dasta 2008 [38]	Surgical-Cardiothoracic/USA	NCC/1	1998–2002	3,741/63	RIFLE creatinine criterion	6.9%	APACHE III; (54±17.3)
Abelha 2009 [27]	Surgical-NonCardiac/Portugal	HC/1	2006–2008	1,166/65	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% from baseline and/or an episode of < 0.5 mL/Kg/hr urine output for >6 hours despite a ≥500 ml fluid challenge	7.5%	APACHE II median (IQR); (8, 5 to 11)
De Ara𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡^′𝑢jo Brito 2009 [39]	Surgical-Cardiac/Brazil	HC/1	2003–2006	186/59	↑ Creatinine > 50% from baseline if creatinine > 1.3 mg/dL or ↑ creatinine > 0.5 mg/dL from baseline if creatinine < 1.3 mg/dL, or need of RRT	30.6%	NR
Thakar 2009 [50]	Mixed/USA	HC/191	2001–2006	325,395/97	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL from baseline	22%	NR
Hobson 2009 [44]	Surgical-Cardiothoracic/USA	HC/1	1992–2002	2973/66	RIFLE creatinine criterion	43%	NR
Machado 2009 [47]	Surgical-Cardiac/Brazil	HC/1	2003–2008	817/70	↑ Creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥50% from baseline	48.5%	EuroSCORE, median (IQR); 1.8 (1.2–3)
Gomes 2010 [41]	Surgical-Trauma/Portugal	HC/1	2001–2007	436/80	RIFLE	50%	ISS; (27.3 ± 11.4)

AKI: acute kidney injury, SD: standard deviation, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, HC: historical cohort, PC: prospective cohort, CC: case-control, NCC: nested case control, RRT: renal replacement therapy, NR: not reported, IQR: interquartile range, ISS: injury severity score, APACHE: acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation score, RIFLE: risk injury failure loss end stage kidney disease criteria, EuroSCORE: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation.
To convert 𝜇mol/dL to mg/dL, divide by 88.