Fermented Fruits and Vegetables of Asia: A Potential Source of Probiotics

Table 1

Examples of traditional fermented fruits and vegetables, which are used in various parts of Asian subcontinent.

Fermented food product	Country	Fruit and vegetables	Other ingredients	Microorganisms	References
Burong mustala	Philippines	Mustard leaf	Rock salt	L. brevis; Pediococcus cerevisiae	[105]
Ca muoi	Vietnam	Eggplant		L. fermentum; L. pentosus; L. brevis	[103, 106]
Dakguadong	Thailand	Mustard leaf	Salt	L. plantarum	[107]
Dhamuoi	Vietnam	Cabbage, various vegetables		Leuconostoc mesenteroides; L. plantarum	[37]
Dua muoi	Vietnam	Mustard or beet	Onion, sugar, and salt	L. fermentum; L. pentosus; L. plantarum; P. pentosaceus	[103]
Gundruk	Nepal, India	Cabbage, radish, mustard, cauliflower	No	Pediococcus and Lactobacillus spp.	[10, 27, 37]
Inziangsang	India	Mustard leaf	No	L. plantarum; L. brevis,; Pediococcus acidilactici	[10, 36]
Jiang-gua	Taiwan	Cucumber	Salt	Weissella cibaria; W. hellenica; L. Plantarum; Leuconostoc lactis; Enterococcus casseliflavus	[68]
Khalpi	Nepal	Cucumber	No	L. plantarum; P. pentosaceus	[10, 27]
Kimchi	Korea	Cabbage, radish, various vegetables	Garlic, red pepper, green onion, ginger, and salt	Leuconostoc mesenteroides; L. brevis; L. plantarum; L. sakei	[42]
Nozawana-Zuke	Japan	Turnip		L. curvatus	[65]
Olive	Spain, Italy	Olive	Salt	L. plantarum; L. brevis; L.  pentosus; P. cerevisiae; L. mesenteroides	[108, 109]
Pak-Gard-Dong	Thailand	Mustard leaf	Salt and sugar solution	L. brevis; P. cerevisiae; L. plantarum	[110]
Pak-sian-dong	Thailand	Leaves of Pak-sian (Gynadropsis pentaphylla)	Brine	L. brevis; P. cerevisiae; L. plantarum	[107]
Paocai	China	Cabbage, celery, cucumber, and radish	Ginger, salt, sugar, hot red pepper	L. pentosus,; L. plantarum; Leuconostoc mesenteroides; L. brevis; L. lactis; L. fermentum	[36, 51]
Pobuzihi	Taiwan	Cummingcordia	Salt	Lactobacillus pobuzihii,; L. plantarum; W cibaria; W. paramesenteroides; P. pentosaceus	[63, 64]
Sauerkraut	International	Cabbage	Salt	L. mesenteroides; L. plantarum; L. brevis; L. rhamnosus; L. plantarum	[95, 111, 112]
Sayur asin	Indonesia	Mustard, cabbage	Salt,; Liquid from boiled rice	L. mesenteroides; L. confuses; L. plantarum; P. pentosaceus	[54]
Sinki	India, Nepal, and Bhutan	Radish	No	L. plantarum; L. brevis; L. fermentum; L. fallax; P. pentosaceus	[10]
Soidon	India	Bamboo Shoot	Water	L. brevis; L. fallax; L. lactis	[39]
Suan-tsai	Taiwan	Chinese cabbage, cabbage, Mustard leaves	Salt	P. pentosaceus; Tetragenococcus halophilus	[102, 113, 114]
Sunki	Japan	Leaves of otaki-turnip	Wild apple	L. plantarum; L. brevis; P. pentosaceus; Bacillus coagulans	[20]
Tempoyak	Malaysia	Duriyan (Durio zibethinus)	Salt	L. brevis; L. mesenteroides; Lactobacillus mali; L. fermentum	[53]
Yan-dong-gua	Taiwan	Wax gourd	Salt, sugar, and fermented soybeans	W. cibaria; W. paramesenteroides	[52]
Yan-jiang	Taiwan	Ginger	Plums, salt	L. sakei; Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis; W. cibaria; L. plantarum	[66]
Yan-taozih	China and Taiwan	Peaches	Salt, sugar, and pickled plums	L. mesenteroides,; W. cibaria,; L. lactis subsp. lactis,; W. paramesenteroides,; E. faecalis,; W. minor; L. brevis	[62]
Yan-tsai-shin	Taiwan	Broccoli	Sugar, soy sauce, and sesame oil	W. paramesenteroides; W. cibaria; W. minor; Leuconostoc mesenteroides; L. Plantarum; E. sulfurous	[67]