Research Article

Identification of Potential Clusters of Signs and Symptoms to Prioritize Patients’ Eligibility for AADCd Screening by 3-OMD Testing: An Italian Delphi Consensus

Table 1

List of statements according to age and presence of atypical findings.

Clinical scenariosAgreement on level of priority

Neonatal period and 3-OMD screening
 Statement 14. Considering the easiness of AADCd screening with 3-OMD dosing, I would consider its inclusion in neonatal screening programs as usefulWeighted average score: 4.59
 Statement 13. I would consider implementing a clinical score to support patients’ selection for 3-OMD screening in at-risk populations as usefulWeighted average score: 4.34
Pediatric age
 Statement 1. Regarding the identification of pediatric patients to be offered 3-OMD screening for at-risk populations, hypotonia, developmental delay, movement disorders, and oculogyric crises should be considered as the most common symptoms and signsWeighted average score: 4.86
 Statement 2. Regarding the identification of pediatric patients to undergo 3-OMD testing, I would rate it as important considering the following clusters of symptoms and signs as the most common: developmental delay and movement disorder with or without extraneurological symptomsWeighted average score: 3.76
 Statement 3. Regarding the identification of pediatric patients to undergo 3-OMD testing, I would rate it as important to consider the following clusters of symptoms and signs as the most common: developmental delay, neurovegetative symptoms, and pseudomyasthenic featuresWeighted average score: 3.62
 Statement 4. Regarding the identification of pediatric patients to undergo 3-OMD testing, I would rate it as important to consider the following clusters of symptoms and signs as the most common: intellectual disability, movement disorder, gastroenteric symptoms, and/or hypoglycemic episodesWeighted average score: 3.59
Teenage years—adulthood
 Statement 12. In adolescent and adult patients with intellectual disability and movement disorder, among the following clinical or laboratory criteria I would consider as useful in order to identify patients to undergo 3-OMD testing: gastroenteric symptoms and neurovegetative symptomsWeighted average score: 3.31
 Statement 10. In adolescent and adult patients with intellectual disability and movement disorder, among the following clinical or laboratory criteria I would consider as useful in order to identify patients to undergo 3-OMD testing: fatigability and eyelid ptosisWeighted average score: 3.24
 Statements 9 and 11. In adolescent and adult patients with intellectual disability and movement disorder, among the following clinical or laboratory criteria I would consider as useful in order to identify patients to undergo 3-OMD testing: hyperprolactinemia and hypoglycemic episodesWeighted average score in both cases: 3.1
Atypical phenotypes
 Statement 7. Based on the clinical characteristics of patients so far identified in Italy, I would consider other clinical phenotypes (among those proposed) to be viewed as indicative in the choice to test a patient with 3-OMD screening for AADCd: intellectual disability and parkinsonism-dystoniaWeighted average score: 3.9
 Statement 8. Based on the clinical characteristics of patients so far identified in Italy, I would consider other clinical phenotypes (among those proposed) to be viewed as indicative in the choice to test an at-risk patient with 3-OMD screening for AADCd: neurovegetative symptoms, hypoglycemic episodes, psychiatric symptoms, and sleep disorderWeighted average score: 3.48
 Statement 5. Based on the clinical characteristics of patients so far identified in Italy, I would consider other clinical phenotypes (among those proposed) to be viewed as indicative in the choice to test a patient with 3-OMD for AADCd: intellectual disability and pseudomyasthenic featuresWeighted average score: 3.28
 Statement 6. Based on the clinical characteristics of patients so far identified in Italy, I would consider other clinical phenotypes (among those proposed) to be viewed as indicative in the choice to test a patient with 3-OMD testing for AADCd: syndromic intellectual disability (dysmorphisms, marfanoid habitus) and neurovegetative symptomsWeighted average score: 3.03