A Systematic Review of MRI Studies and the “Emotional paiN and social Disconnect (END)” Brain Model of Suicidal Behavior in Youth

Table 2

Brain regions reported in the reviewed studies, organized by diagnosis (major depressive disorder (MDD) vs. other conditions or heterogeneous groups) and by suicidal ideation (SI) vs. attempt (SA). This resulted in the following four categories: MDD+SI, MDD+SA, heterogeneous+SI, and heterogeneous+SA. In this descriptive approach, we indicate next to each brain region the frequency with which this region was reported as a finding.

Diagnosis	Suicidal ideation	Suicidal attempt
MDD	(i) Amygdala (2); (ii) Anterior cingulate (1); (iii) Cerebellum (3); (iv) Cuneus (1); (v) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2); (vi) Fusiform gyrus (1); (vii) Hippocampus (3); (viii) Inferior frontal gyri (2); (ix) Insula (2); (x) Medial prefrontal cortex (3); (xi) Middle frontal gyri (2); (xii) Midline cortical structure (1); (xiii) Occipital gyrus (2); (xiv) Postcentral gyri (2); (xv) Posterior cingulate cortex (2); (xvi) Posterior parietal cortex (1); (xvii) Precentral gyrus (3); (xviii) Precuneus (3); (xix) Superior frontal gyri (2); (xx) Superior parietal lobe (1); (xxi) Thalamus (1)	(i) Amygdala (2); (ii) Anterior cingulate (3); (iii) Cerebellum (3); (iv) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2); (v) Fusiform (2); (vi) Hippocampus (1); (vii) Insula (1); (viii) Lateral orbitofrontal cortex (1); (ix) Medial prefrontal cortex (2); (x) Medial orbitofrontal (1); (xi) Middle temporal gyrus (2); (xii) Occipital gyrus (2); (xiii) Periventricular white matter (1); (xiv) Postcentral gyri (1); (xv) Posterior cingulate (2); (xvi) Precuneus (2); (xvii) Superior frontal gyrus (1); (xviii) Superior temporal gyrus, incl. temporal pole (3); (xix) Uncinate fasciculus (frontotemporal white matter) (1)
Heterogeneous	(i) Caudate (1); (ii) Cerebellum (1); (iii) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2); (iv) Frontoparietal (1); (v) Insula (1); (vi) Occipital lobe (1); (vii) Orbitofrontal cortex (1); (viii) Pallidum (1); (ix) Precentral gyrus (1); (x) Putamen (1); (xi) Superior temporal sulcus left bank (1); (xii) Temporal pole (1); (xiii) Temporoparietal junction (1); (xiv) Thalamus (1); (xv) Ventral diencephalon (1)	(i) Amygdala (1); (ii) Cerebellum (1); (iii) Hippocampus (1); (iv) Lateral orbitofrontal cortex (2); (v) Posterior parietal lobe deep white matter (1); (vi) Rostral prefrontal cortex (1); (vii) Uncinate fasciculus (frontotemporal white matter) (2); (viii) Ventral prefrontal cortex (3)

Bold: convergent findings in attempters across studies and diagnostic groups, since suicide is a transdiagnostic behavior, and attempters are the most crucial category of patients for suicide prevention (categories MDD+SA and heterogeneous+SA).