Clinical Study
Treatment Effects of Upper Limb Action Observation Therapy and Mirror Therapy on Rehabilitation Outcomes after Subacute Stroke: A Pilot Study
Table 2
Descriptive statistics for the primary and secondary outcomes.
| | Variables | Group | Assessment time | Change score | | T0 | T1 | T2 | T1-T0 | T2-T0 |
| | FMA-total | Action observation therapy | 42.29 (11.03) | 47.43 (13.38) | 46.71 (11.91) | 5.14 (5.27) | 4.43 (8.06) | | Mirror therapy | 43.29 (13.72) | 45.86 (14.66) | 48.00 (15.20) | 2.57 (3.82) | 4.71 (4.50) | | Active control intervention | 39.57 (6.55) | 46.71 (8.44) | 49.43 (7.93) | 7.14 (3.29) | 9.86 (4.45) |
| | FMA-proximal | Action observation therapy | 30.86 (5.15) | 32.57 (6.40) | 33.00 (5.89) | 1.71 (3.15) | 2.14 (3.53) | | Mirror therapy | 30.57 (5.97) | 31.86 (5.87) | 33.71 (6.37) | 1.29 (3.25) | 3.14 (4.26) | | Active control intervention | 30.86 (3.67) | 33.86 (4.56) | 35.86 (4.53) | 3.00 (2.52) | 5.00 (3.46) |
| | FMA-distal | Action observation therapy | 11.43 (7.66) | 14.86 (8.59) | 13.71 (6.95) | 3.43 (2.51) | 2.29 (4.89) | | Mirror therapy | 12.71 (8.77) | 14.00 (9.50) | 14.29 (9.69) | 1.29 (1.60) | 1.57 (1.90) | | Active control intervention | 8.71 (5.28) | 12.86 (5.15) | 13.57 (5.29) | 4.14 (2.04) | 4.86 (2.79) |
| | BBT | Action observation therapy | 9.86 (11.39) | 16.00 (11.14) | 18.71 (10.08) | 6.14 (5.98) | 8.86 (7.29) | | Mirror therapy | 17.28 (17.50) | 20.71 (16.94) | 22.29 (18.18) | 3.43 (3.55) | 5.00 (6.06) | | Active control intervention | 9.00 (7.66) | 14.14 (11.61) | 17.71 (14.43) | 5.14 (4.22) | 8.71 (7.76) |
| | FIM-total | Action observation therapy | 103.86 (22.61) | 111.29 (11.54) | 116.71 (10.87) | 7.43 (13.16) | 12.86 (17.71) | | Mirror therapy | 110.14 (5.34) | 112.29 (5.06) | 116.00 (4.69) | 2.14 (0.90) | 5.86 (3.80) | | Active control intervention | 113.57 (5.47) | 116.14 (4.85) | 119.71 (4.50) | 2.57 (1.90) | 6.14 (4.81) |
| | FIM-motor | Action observation therapy | 74.00 (16.45) | 79.71 (8.73) | 84.29 (6.85) | 5.71 (8.69) | 10.29 (13.43) | | Mirror therapy | 78.43 (6.05) | 80.57 (5.35) | 83.86 (3.34) | 2.14 (0.90) | 5.43 (3.51) | | Active control intervention | 82.00 (5.26) | 84.00 (4.00) | 86.00 (3.65) | 2.00 (1.53) | 4.00 (4.12) |
| | SIS-total | Action observation therapy | 64.00 (13.28) | 72.31 (11.75) | 76.83 (10.43) | 8.30 (5.09) | 12.83 (10.44) | | Mirror therapy | 62.96 (9.93) | 68.63 (7.44) | 76.79 (6.25) | 5.67 (7.01) | 13.83 (10.59) | | Active control intervention | 68.85 (10.28) | 77.26 (8.71) | 78.12 (8.97) | 8.41 (7.20) | 9.27 (9.12) |
| | SIS-physical function | Action observation therapy | 53.37 (13.73) | 65.85 (9.77) | 72.12 (11.52) | 12.49 (9.16) | 18.75 (17.84) | | Mirror therapy | 56.07 (14.05) | 63.96 (14.07) | 74.40 (13.83) | 7.90 (7.68) | 18.33 (11.27) | | Active control intervention | 62.03 (11.71) | 74.29 (11.34) | 74.69 (12.09) | 12.26 (9.02) | 12.66 (8.15) |
| | SIS-recovery | Action observation therapy | 51.43 (17.73) | 58.57 (10.69) | 58.57 (11.07) | 7.14 (12.54) | 7.14 (15.77) | | Mirror therapy | 49.29 (15.92) | 57.14 (14.68) | 63.57 (11.07) | 7.86 (3.93) | 14.29 (8.38) | | Active control intervention | 61.43 (12.15) | 70.71 (15.92) | 65.71 (17.18) | 9.29 (10.18) | 4.29 (5.35) |
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Abbreviations: FMA: Fugl-Meyer Assessment; BBT: Box and Block Test; FIM: Functional Independence Measure; SIS: Stroke Impact Scale. Note: T0: baseline; T1: immediately after treatment; T2: 3 months after treatment.
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