Neuropsychological Changes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)

Table 4

Evidence of modulation of low-level sensory and autonomic functions in CRPS by spatial or multisensory manipulations.

Function	Manipulation	Affected low-level sensory/autonomic/motor function in people with CRPS^a	Study details^b
Visual perception	Viewing ambiguous/conflicting visual stimuli	Increased pain (61-73%), sensory disturbances (73%), dystonia (33%) in the affected limb, and asymmetric vasomotor response (34%)	Cohen et al. [184], , HC, BL; Hall et al. [185], , HC, PC
Auditory perception	Hearing uncomfortably loud sound	Painful sensations to sound (hyperacusis; 38%)	de Klaver et al. [187],
Sensory-motor integration	Incongruent mirror visual feedback during active movements	Increased pain and sensory disturbances	Brun et al. [186], , HC, PC, BL
Tactile perception	Mirror visual feedback of stimulated unaffected limb	Pain and paraesthesia experienced in the corresponding location on the nonstimulated affected limb (allochiria); cold perceived concurrently on the stimulated and nonstimulated limb (dysynchiria)	Acerra and Moseley [188], , HC, PC, UL
Temperature modulation	Physically resting or viewing the affected limb as positioned in the unaffected side of space through prism glasses	Normalization of temperature asymmetry between the limbs	Moseley et al. [182], , HC, BL, [72], , HC, BL
Visual perception	Viewing enlarged image of the affected limb through magnifying lenses or in virtual environment or shrunk images of affected limb through minifying lenses	Pain and swelling (evoked by movement) increased when viewing enlarged image, reduced when viewing shrunken image	Matamala-Gomez et al. [189], , PC, AL; Moseley et al. [183], , AL

^aPercentages represent the proportion of individuals with CRPS out of the total CRPS sample who presented with abnormal performance. We reported percentages where available; in other cases, we presented group effects. ^b represents CRPS sample size. Where applicable, we specified what control group was included (HC = healthy/pain-free controls; PC = pain controls) and which limb(s) were tested (AL = affected limb; BL = both limbs).