“Olfactory Three-Needle” Enhances Spatial Learning and Memory Ability in SAMP8 Mice

Figure 3

Effects of “olfactory three-needle” and olfactory stimulation on the activation of p38 MAPK in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. (a) Representative IF staining for P-p38 MAPK in the hippocampus. P-p38 in green, Nissl in blue. (b–d) Relative number of P-p38-positive cells in the CA1, CA3, and DG areas of the hippocampus. (e) Protein expression and activation level of p38 MAPK in the hippocampus. , , and compared with the R1N group. ^#, ^##, and ^### compared with the P8N group.

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