“Olfactory Three-Needle” Enhances Spatial Learning and Memory Ability in SAMP8 Mice

Figure 1

Effects of “olfactory three-needle” and olfactory stimulation on the behavior of SAMP8 mice. (a) Comparison of spontaneous activity between SAMR1 mice (R1) and SAMP8 mice (P8) in the open-field test. (b) Swimming trajectories in the SAMR1 normal (R1N) group, the SAMP8 normal (P8N) group, the SAMP8 acupuncture treatment (P8A) group, and the SAMP8 olfactory stimulation (P8O) group. (c) Comparison of the escape latency of all groups in the place navigation test. (d) Comparison of the path length to climb onto the platform of all groups in the place navigation test. (e) Comparison of the time spent in the target quadrant of all groups in the spatial probe test. and compared with the R1N group. ^#, ^##, and ^### compared with the P8N group.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)